| A | B |
|---|
| acid | proton donor |
| amino acid | monomer of protein containing a central carbon with amino, COOH, H and R groups |
| atom | smallest independent unit of chemical reactivity of an element |
| atomic weight | mass of an atom expressed in daltons |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| base | proton acceptor |
| carbohydrate | general term for simple sugars and their polymers |
| chemical bond | linkage between two atoms that holds them together in a molecule |
| condensation reaction | polymerization reactions that link monomers by removing a water across the new bond |
| conformation | orientation in space of the atoms of a molecule |
| covalent bond | stable chemical linkage of two atoms resulting from sharing pairs of electrons |
| dehydration synthesis | another name for condensation reaction |
| denaturation | disruption of the native conformation of a molecule |
| disulfide linkage | covalent linkage formed between the -SH groups of two cysteines |
| electron | fundamental particle with charge of -1 and mass near 0 |
| proton | nuclear particle with charge of +1 and mass of 1 |
| neutron | nuclear particle with charge of 0 and mass of 1 |
| fatty acid | molecule composed of carboxyl group linked to long hydrocarbon chain |
| functional groups | polar side chains that increase reactivity of organic compounds |
| glycolipid | membrane lipid with attached carbohydrate group |
| glycosidic linkage | bond linking monomers in polysaccharides |
| hydrogen bonds | weak bond formed by hydrogen covalently linked to one electronegative atom bonds to another because of charge |
| hydrolysis | breaking a chemical bond by addition of water across the bond |
| hydronium ion | ion created by adding a proton to water |
| hydrophilic | term given to polar molecules that dissolve readily in water |
| hydrophobic | term given to nonpolar molecules which do not dissolve readily in water |
| ion | charged atom or molecule |
| ionic bonds | strong chemical bonds formed between two oppositely charged atoms |
| isomers | molecules with same chemical formula but differing spatial arrangements |
| macromolecule | large polymeric molecule |
| mole | Avagadro's number of atoms/molecules of a substance |
| molecular weight | mass of a molecule of a substance, in daltons |
| molecule | two or more atoms linked together by chemical bonds |
| monomer | characteristic subunit of a macromolecule |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar |
| nonpolar covalent bond | bond made through equal sharing of electrons |
| nucleic acid | polymer of nucleotides linked through phosphodiester bonds |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids |
| oligosaccharide | short polymer of simple sugars |
| peptide linkage | characteristic bond between amino acids in proteins |
| pH | - log [H+] |
| pH scale | measure of the acidity of a substance with values between 0 and 14 |
| phospholipid | amphipathic molecule with two fatty acids and a phosphoric acid derivative esterified to glycerol |
| polar covalent bond | chemical linkage made through unequal sharing of electrons |
| polar molecule | molecule that has regions of uneven charge in it |
| polymer | molecule made by linking characteristic subunits together |
| polysaccharide | long polymer composed of simple sugars |
| primary structure | sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| secondary structure | orientation of peptide backbone in space |
| tertiary structure | orientation of all atoms of a protein in space |
| quaternary structure | orientation of subunits of multisubunit proteins in space |
| protein | polymer of amino acids |
| RNA | polymer of ribonucleotides |
| steroid | lipid having a characteristic fused ring structure |
| sugar | an organic molecule with -OH on every C except one, which has =O |
| triacylglycerol | glycerol with three fatty acids esterified to it |
| triglyceride | another name for triacylglycerol |
| van der Waals forces | weak interaction between molecules due to transient electrical charge generation |
