| A | B |
|---|
| virus | a small particle that can reproduce in a living cell |
| nucleic acid | material that carries genetic,hereditary instructions. found in the center of a virus |
| protein coat | a srotective coat around the nucleic acid in a virus |
| host | an organism that is invaded by a virus |
| viral reproduction | invasion of host, reproduction within cell and burst with release of more virus |
| epidemic | a rapid spread of disease through a large area |
| immune system | when the body has the ability to fight infection |
| AIDS | a virus that weakens the immune system that make it life threating |
| vaccine | a substance given to prevent a disease |
| monerans | organisms that do NOT have a nucleus but have a cell wall |
| bacteral shapes | spheres, rods, spirals |
| bacterial reproduction | reproduce by splitting into two cells |
| antibiotics | chemical substances used to kill or slow bacteria |
| cyanobacteria | monerans-bacteria that grows in different colors and provides nitrogen in soil |
| pigments | different colors found in cells |
| chlorophyll | pigment that makes plants green |
| protozoans | microscopic organisms that are members of the protist kingdom usually found in water |
| protisit | single celled organism with NO cell wall |
| saprophytes | fungi that are parasites |
| sarcodines | a protozoan that moves using pseudopods (amoeba) |
| pseudopods | false feet -projections of cytoplasm |
| amoeba | a protozoan- sarcodines that have no specific shape, has a nucleus,cell membrane,contractile vacuole and food vacuoles |
| ciliates | most complex protozoans with short hair like stuctures |
| cilia | short hair like structures that move in water |
| paramecium | protozoan- ciliates that feed on dead plants , it has a nucleus-contractile vacuole-food vaculoe-oral groove-anal pore and cilia |
| flagellates | a protozoan , usually a parasite,that moves using a whip-like sturcture |
| flagella | whip-like structure thatr allows a protozoan to move in soil and water |
| trypanosome | ????? |
| sporozoans | a protozoan that is a parasite. it can not move alone |
| plasmodium | a protzoan-sporozoan that lives in blood and reproduces in red blood cells |
| contractile vacuoles | collect water from cytoplasm in protozoans |
| parasites | live in or on a host and harm it |
| tsetse fly | a fly that carries sleeping sickness-flagellates protozoan |
| malaria | a protozoan-sporozoan illness caused by mosquito |
| algae | plant-like organism containing chlorophyll and performing photsynthesis |
| euglenas | fresh water alga with characteristics of animal and plant |
| dinoflagellates | an algae using 2 flagella |
| red tide | a toxin reproduced by dinoflagellate |
| diatoms | algae that are brown-golden and are found in oceans |
| diatomaceous earth | dead empty shells of diatoms in ocean floor |
| red,green,brown algae | algae that lives on earth and in water, used as a thicking agent |
| fungi | organisms that decompose organic material |
| hyphae | a network of thread-like structures in fungi |
| mycelium | groups of hyphae that are interlocked |
| spores | reproducion of fungi, located at top of fungus |
| bread mold | fungus that grows in warm,dark moist places |
| sparngium | the spore case that reproduces fungus in sporangium fungi |
| club fungi | fungi that have strutures that reproduce like clubs-mushrooms |
| sac fungi | fungi that produce spores in sacs ,some are parasites |
| imperfect fungi | reproductive cycles unknown, -penicillium |
| penicillium | an imperfect fungi |
| lichens | an organism that is part fungus and part alga. can be found on bare rocks |
| slime mold | colers fungi that moves like an amoeba and reproduces with spores |
| vasular plants | plants with a system of vessels that carry materials through out the plant |
| xylem | transports water and dissolved minerals fromroots to leaves |
| phloem | transports food made from leaves to parts of plant |
| taproots | one main root |
| fibrous roots | many thin roots in a network |
| root hairs | absorb water and minerals from soil by osmosis |
| meristem | tissue that produces new cells |
| woody stem | hard stems contain wood cells |
| herbaceous stem | green flexible and depend on water pressure |
| annuals | plants that grow and die in one season |
| perennials | plants that live for more than one season |
| bark | outer covering of a tree |
| vascular cambium | growth tissue that produces new xylem and phloem |
| apical meristem | dividing cells at the tip of a stem, produces leaves and bud |
| photosynthesis | a process by which green plants use chemical from environment and energy from sun to make food |
| epidermis | a layer of thin flat cells, the outer layer of leaf |
| stomata | openings in epidermis,let air and water pass |
| guard cells | control how much water and air to pass by stoma |
| cutin | ????? |
| gymnosperms | complex vascular plant that reproduces seeds in cones |
| angiosperms | complex vascular plant that reproduces seeds in flowers or fruit |
| dicots | vascular tissue that are arranged in a ring,have 4-5 flower parts and 2 cotyledons |
| monocots | angiosperms that have vascular tissue scattered , 3 flower parts and 1 cotyledon |
| ferns | simple vascular plant that are seedless |
| gametophyte | growth in ferns that allow reproduction by spores |
| sporophyte | root like stucture that grow into the ground to form new ferns |
| horsetails/clubmosses | mosses that are seedless. use sexual and asexual reproduction |
| nonvascular plants | simple plantsthat do NOT produce seeds and do NOT have vascular tissue |
| mosses,liverworts,hornworts | simple land plants that do not have leaves,stems or roots |
| chlorophyll | a pigment that gives plants the color green |
| chloroplasts | organelles where photosynthesis takes place |
| chemical equation of photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O with light and chlorphyll = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| gymnosperms reproduction | male and female cones, pollen from male carried by wind to female. seeds released from female |
| conifer | cone-bearer,evergreen, gynosperm |
| cycads | male and female cones on diferent trees, same reproduction as conifer, gymnosperm |
| ginkgoes | gymnosperm, male produce cone female produce berrylike seeds |
| stamen | male part of flower |
| filament | stem-like part of stamen |
| anther | top part of stamen that has pollen |
| pistil | female part of flower |
| style | slender partof the pistil |
| stigma | the top of the pistil that traps pollen |
| ovary | base of the pistil ,contains ovules |
| ovule | in ovary, contains gamete/ovum |
| petal | protect the stamen and pistils |
| receptacle | base of the flower |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
| fertilization | sperm combines with ovum to form a zygote |
| self-pollination | pollen from the same flower fertilizing |
| zygote | a fertilized ovum |
| embryo | a developed zygote |
| seed | embryo, stored food, seed coat |
| fruit | an ovary that has grown |
| fleshy fruit | fruit that stores sugar (apple) |
| dry fruit | store oils and fats in seeds (pecans) |
| seed germination | a seed sprouts in environmentally good conditions and water |
| germinate | seed sprouts |
| embryo | developing plant |
| seedling | growing embryo |
| cotyledons | seed leaves |
| sapling | seedling that grows at its stem and root tips |
| tropism | plants response to environment |
| geotropism | a plants response to gravity |
| phototropism | a plants response to light |
| short day plants | plants that need short sun light days (spring) |
| long day plants | plants that need long sunlight days (summer) |
| day-neutral plants | plants that need varying sunlight (spring and summer and fall) |
| vegative propagation | cuttings of roots,stems or leaves that grow into new plants |
| cuttings | pieces of a plant that are used to asexual reproduce |
| buds | stems that ate used to asexual reproduce the plant |
| bulbs | separtion of bulb to asexually reproduce plant |
| runners | a stem that runs or grows along the ground |
| regeneration | the abiltiy to grow or replace missing parts |
| grafting | to grow together two different plants and produce different kinds of fruit |
| multicelluar | all animals have more than one cell |
| locomotion | to move place to place |
| symmetry | a balenced arrangment of body parts around a center point |
| radial symmetry | a circular body arranged around a center point |
| bilateral symmetry | exterior body parts arranged thesame way on both sides |
| asymmetry | body parts arranged in a way that they cannot divide equally |
| ventral/dorsal | underside(belly)/upper side(spine) of anbilateral animal |
| anterior | front end of an animal(top) |
| posterior | back end of an animal(tail or feet) |
| vertebrate classes | spinal cord and skeleton inside:fish,amphibian,reptiles,birds,mammal |
| fish | vertebrates, scaly skin, oxygen from water,lay jelly like eggs, cold blooded,two chamber heart |
| amphibians | vertebrates, coldblooded,smooth mosit skin,jelly like eggs, undergo metamophosis |
| reptiles | vertebrates, coldblooded,eggs hatch in adult form,need water and land,dry skin |
| birds | vertebrates,have feathers,oxygen through lungs, warmblooded, bones light and hollow, eggs with hard shells |
| mammals | vertebrates, hair or fur, oxygen through lungs, nurse young, warmblooded |
| invertebrate phyla | skeleton on outside: porifean,coelentrates,flatworm,roundworm,segemente worm,mollusk,echinoderms, arthropod |
| phylum | name given to a large group |
| class | subdivide a phylum |
| porifeans | sponges |
| coelentrates | jellyfish |
| flatworms | bodies are flat,3 tissue layers thick, head and tail, reproduce sexually or asexually |
| roundworms | more complex,hook-shape, digestive system,mouth and anus,parasite,sexually reproduce |
| segmented worms | most advanced, tissues,organs, circulatory system, reproduce sexually |
| mollusks | soft bodies, some haveshells, ocean or fresh water,live on land, 3 main body parts, reproduce sexual-larvae, 3 groups;hatchet,stomach,head-foot |
| echinoderms | hardened bumpy skin,spiny plates,5 points,radical symmetry, reproduce sexually or regeneration |
| arthropods | invertebrate, animal that have jointed legs |
| characterics of sponges | invertebrates,2 cell layers,no tissue or organs sexual and asexual reproduction |
| sessile | animals that do NOT move place to place |
| spongin | flexible protein that makes up the bodies of sponges |
| spicules | skeleton made up of spikes in sponges |
| pores | small openings that cover a sponges body |
| life cycle of sponge | larva,fertilized from sexual reproduction developes into sponge/fragmentation/regeneration |
| fragmentation | a small branch or piece of poriferan breaks off and forms a new sponge |
| gemule | ?? |
| characteristics of coelentrates | bag like tentacles arounfd mouth,sting cells, tissues, no organs,reproduce sexually |
| polyp | 1st stage of coelentterates,vase-shaped |
| medusa | adult, bell-shaped colenterates |
| characteristics of flatworms | simplest phylum of worms, one opening,no organs reproduce asexually or fragmentation |
| planarian | a type of flatworm that is not parasitic |
| eyespots | tissues that sense change in light |
| pharynx | feeding tube |
| fluke | a parasitic flatworm |
| tapeworm parasites | a flatworm |
| hermaphrodite | organisms that can reproduce both male and female gamates |
| segmented worms | annelid |
| clitellum | light colored band that is the sex organ in a annelid |
| setae | hairs or bristles used for worm locomotion |
| castings | worm feces |
| body sytems of an earthworm | most advanced of worms,esophagus,gizzard,crop,intestine,anus,heart,hermaphrodite |
| hearts | 5 circulatory muscles in earthworm |
| characteristics of mollusks | can live on land or water,organs and 3 parts, reproduce sexually |
| viseral mass | contains all organs in a mollusk |
| mantle | a thin membrne covering the visceral mass in a mollusk |
| characteristics of arthopod | jointed legs,body divided into sections,exoskeleton,complex circulatory andnervous systems |
| insects | 3 body parts,wings,one pair antennae,3 pairs of legs |
| arachnid | 2 body parts, no antennae, 4 pairs of legs |
| crustaceans | hard,flexible exoskelton, gills, 2 pairs of antennae, 2 body sections |
| myriapod | having many legs,centipedes and millipeds |
| exoskeleton | skeleton on outside of body |
| molting | when a invertbrate grows out of its skeleton or shedds |
| metomorphosis | a series of changes that an insect experiences in its life cycle |
| complete metomorphosis | 4 stages; larva,egg,adult,pupa |
| incomplete metomorphosis | 3 stages;nymph,adult,larva |
| spinerets | tiny tubes through which a liquidprotein passes to make a spider web |
| mandibles | part of a crayfish that is used to break up food |
| antennae | part of a crayfish that sense |
| cepholathorax | main section of a crayfish |
| coldblooded | body temerture constantly changes to match temperture of environment |
| jawless fish | boneless fish, have cartilage and no real bones, CLASS AGNATHA |
| cartilaginous fish | cartilage skeleton, have jaws, sharp pointed scales, rough skin, fish shape, class CHONDRICHTHYES |
| bony fish | ray finned, no eyelids,snout openings, strong sense of smell,control movement, CLASS OSTEICHTHYES |
| operculum | a bony plate that covers and protects the gills |
| gills | used to breathe, take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide |
| milt | ?? |
| amphibians | class AMPHIBIA, oxygen in three ways lungs,skin, lining of mouth,bone skeletons, |
| toads | fatter than frogs, skin bumpier, drier, spend less time in water,metamorphsis |
| frogs | main organs;liver, heart,stomach,brain,bladder |
| metamorphsis | frog and toad; egg-tadpole with gills-tadpole with limbs-frog-adult |
| crocodiles | 2 teeth show when mouth is closed, narrow/teeth not visible when mouth is closed,broad,flat-alligator |
| warmblooded | keeps same temperture at all times in oder to fuction |
| birds | animal/vertebrates/bird |
| incubation | a period in which the embryo is growing |
| mammals | animals/vertebrate/mammals, hair at some point in life,well developed brain, feed young, warm blooded, eyes refect light |
| monotremes | mammals that lay eggs |
| marsupials | mammals with pouches |
| placentals | young develope outside the mother |
| gestation | time the embryo developes |
