| A | B |
|---|
| fears needles and medical instruments | toddlers 1-3 yrs |
| sensitive to violations of dignity | adolescents 12-18 yrs |
| has miminal stranger anxiety | infants birth - 1 yr |
| fears pain | toddlers 1-3 yr, preschoolers 3-6 yrs, school age 6-12 yrs |
| fears disgigurement | school age 6-12 yrs, adolescents 12-18 hrs |
| needs to be kept warm | infants birth-1yr |
| thinks injury or illness is a punishment | toddlers 1-3 yrs, preschoolers 3-6 yrs |
| has separation anxiety | infants birth-1yr, toddlers 1-3 yrs, preschoolers 3-6 hrs |
| is modest | preschoolers 3-6 yrs, school age 6-12 yrs, adolescents 12-18 hrs |
| fears blood | preschoolers 3-6 yrs, school age 6-12 yrs |
| fears having head touched by strangers | infants birth-1yr, toddlers 1-3 yrs |
| fears suffocation by oxygen mask | infants brith-1yr, toddlers 1-3 yrs, preschoolers 3-6 yrs |
| fears permanent injury | preschoolers 3-6 yrs, school age 6-12 yrs, adolescents 12-18 yrs |
| proportionately larger tongue | more likely to block airway |
| smaller airway structure | more easily blocked |
| abundant secretions | can block airway |
| deciduous (baby) teeth | easily dislodged; can block airway |
| flat nose and face | difficult to obtain good mask seal |
| less developed neck muscles | head may be propelled more forcefully |
| open fontanelles on top of head | bulging fontanelle can be a sign of intracranial pressure (but can be normal if infant is crying); sunken fontanelle can be a sign of dehydration |
| thinner and softer brain tissue | susceptible to serious brain trauma |
| head larger in proportion to body | tips forward when supine, causes flexion of neck, making natural alignment of airway difficult |
| shorter, narrower, elastic trachea | can close off trachea with hyperextension of neck |
| short neck | difficult to stabilize or immobilize |
| abdominal breathers | difficult to evaluate breathing |
| faster respiratory rate | muscle easily fatigues, causing respiratory distress |
| newborns are nose breathers | may not automatically open mouth to breathe if nose is blocked; airway more easily blocked |
| larger surface area, smaller body mass | prone to hypothermia |
| thinner skin | more sensitive to effects of burns |
| softer bones | more flexible, less easily fractured; traumatic forces may be transmitted to internal organs without fracturing ribs |
| more flexible ribs | traumatic forces may be transmitted to chest cavity without fracturing ribs; lungs easily damaged with trauma |
| spleen and liver more exposed | injury likely with significant force |
| The child's head is proportionally smaller and lighter than adult's | True |
| An accident with a propelling motion often leads to neck injuries in children | True |
| Head injuries are frequently accompanied by shock | False |
| Respiratory arrest is a common secondary effect of head injury | True |
| Head injury is ofter accompanied by altered mental state, nausea, and vomiting | True |
| Childhood head injuries are exaggerated by medical staff | False |
| Use the jaw-thrust maneuver to open the airway and reposition the tongue in the unconscious head-injured child | True |
| Use sandbags to stabilize the head | False |
| The respiratory muscles are less developed | True |
| The ribs are very rigid | False |
| The pediatric chest is easily deformed | True |
| The respiratory muscles may tire easily | True |
| Ribs easily fracture | False |
| The child's airway is best opened by placing the head in a neutral position | True |
| As with adults, carefully maintain cervical-spine immobilization while you perform a jaw-thrust maneuver | True |
| Flexion or over-extension of a child's neck can cause the underdelevoped trachea to close | True |
| Infants and toddlers are very sensitive to the sense of touch to the head and face | True |
| Clearing the airway of an infant (newborn- 1yr) includes five back blows, followed by five chest thrusts. Abdominal thrusts (the Heimlick manuever) are not recommended for children under the age of 1 yr. | True |
