| A | B |
|---|
| In mrem, what is the annual GSD? | 130 |
| What is the annual effective dose-equivalent limit for a fetus on an occupational worker? | 0.5 rem |
| What is the monthly effective dose equivalent limit to a fetus? | 50 mrem |
| What effects are regarded as the main helath risk from diagnostic radiology, stochastic or non-stochastic? | Stochastic |
| Stochastic or non-stochastic, the severity of the injury, rather than it chance of occuring increases with dose. | Non-stochastic |
| If a fetus is irradiated within 9 days of conception, what effect is most likely to occur? | Death and chromosome damage. |
| Stochastic or non-stochastic, examples are cataracts, erythema and fibrosis. | Non-stochastic |
| Stochastic or non-stochastic, an example is leukemia. | Stochastic |
| Are the doses you are exposed to as a rad. tech considered carcinogenic? | No |
| Risk type that can be used when at two different dose levels are known. | Absolute risk |
| Risk type that can be used when radiation dose is not exactly know. | Relative risk |
| Risk type that can be used when the number of cases in the irradiated population can be observed and compared to the number that is normally expected. | Excess risk |
| What populations have shown an increase in leukemia? | Atomic bomb survivors, ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with radiation, and early radiologists. |
| When is the greatest radiation hazard to the fetus? | First trimester |
| What abnormalities are most frequent during major organogenesis? | Congenital abnormalities |
| What population showed an increase in osteosarcoma? | Radium watch-dial painters |
| What is the doubling dose? | The radiation dose that doubles the number of spontaneous mutations. |
| What does a relative risk of 1.5 mean to an exposed population? | An increase risk of 50% |
| What is the doubling dose for humans? | 50 to 250 rads. |
| What percentage of the GSD comes from medical sources? | 15% |
| What percentage of the GSD comes from all technological sources? | 22% |
| What percentage of the GSD comes from natural sources | 78% |
| Stochastic or non-stochastic, which occur at lower doses? | Stochastic |
| What population showed an increase in breast cancer? | Women treated for pospartum mastitis. |
| How many mrem do diagnostic x-ray contribute to GSD? | 20 |
| True or false, each stage of fetal development has the same response to radiation. | False |
| When does major organogenesis occur? | 2nd to 8th week |
| Which system in the fetus is a likely target for radiation injury? | CNS |
| An effect where the probability of occurrence of effects increases with dose, but not the severity of effects is: | Stochastic. |
| What is the all-or nothing response? | When an embryo is irradiated in the first 9 days, it will either die or survive with no abnormalities. |
| Name radiation-induced malignancies. | Leukemia, skin carcinoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, and lung cancer. |
| What population showed an increase in skin carcinoma? | Those treated for acne and ringworm. |
| What cancer did miners of uranium and pitchblende demonstrate? | Lung cancer |
| What are principle effects of radiation to the fetus? | Prenatal or neonatal death, congenital abnormalities, growth impairment, reduced impairment, genetic abnormalities, and cancer. |
| Do occupational exposure cause significant risk to offspring? | No |
| When does the fetal growth stage start? | 45 days post conception and goes until term |
| What abnormalities will happen during the fetal growth stage? | Anomalies to the nervous system and sense organs. |
| Are non-stochastic effects threshold or nonthreshold? | Threshold |
| True or false, a risk to American radiographers is leukemia. | False |
| What populations demonstrated an increase in thyroid cancer? | Infants with enlarged thyroids being treated with radiation, Marshall Island children exposed to fallout, children from Nagasaki and Hiroshima. |
| Can mammography increase the risk of breast cancer? | No |
| This is the dose that if received by every member of the population would be expected to produce the same genetic injury as do the actual doses received by irradiated people. | Genetically significant dose. |
| Uses the formula observed cases/expected cases. | Relative risk |
| Uses the formula observed cases - expected cases. | Excess risk |
| Name the three stages of development of a fetus. | Pre-implantation, major organogenesis, fetal growth stage |
| What abnormalities were demonstrated in offspring of atomic bomb survivors and children whose mothers had radiation during pregnancy? | Microcephaly, mental and growth retardation, abnormalities of eyes, genitals and skeleton. |
| What is radiation hormesis? | The theory that ionizing radiation is benign at low levels of exposure and that doses at the level of natural background radiation can be beneficial. |
