| A | B |
|---|
| Define Anatomy | Study of the structure of the body |
| Define Physiology | Study of the functions of the body |
| Define Pathology | Study of disease |
| Define Kinesiology | Study of the movement of the body |
| Define Histology | Study of the micro structures of the body |
| Define a symptom of illness | Internal indication that something is out of balance within the body like dizziness or nausea |
| Define a sign of illness | Outward indication that something is out of balance within the body like fever or rapid pulse |
| What are the two hormones involved in fight or flight stress reaction? | Adrenaline and Cortisol |
| What causes restricted blood flow to an area due to contracted muscles? | Ischemia |
| Inflammation is characterized by what 4 tissue responses? | Pain, redness, heat and swelling |
| What is a cell? | Basic functional unit of all living matter |
| Tissue is a group of similar______ | cells |
| Organs are groups of similar_____ | Tissue |
| What is an organ system? | Groups of organs |
| List 5 types of tissue (CLMEN) | Connective, Liquid, Muscular, Epithelial and Nerve |
| What is considered the cells powerhouse? | Mitochondria |
| Body's ability to maintain a stable and constant condition in the body. | Homeostasis |
| Process of building larger molecules from smaller ones (requires energy) | Anabolism |
| Process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (releases energy) | Catabolism |
| Complex process where a living oranisms cells are nourished and carry out their activiies | Metabolism |
| What is tissue repair process | When any trauma causes damage to the body, fluid and blood fill the damaged area and form a clot. Fibroblasts migrate to the area to produce fibers that close the wound. This is called scar tissue. |
| What moves bones via joints? | Muscle |
| What connects muscle to the covering of bones? | Tendons |
| What connects bone to bone? | Ligaments |
| What substance is identical to bone but doesn't have minerals? | Cartilage |
| What two minerals are found in bone? | Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate |
| What is the hardest material in the human body? | Dentine |
| Nerve tissue is composed of what? | Nerve cells |
| Nerves act as transmission channels from the _______to other parts of the body. | Brain |
| Liquid tissue has what two components? | Blood and lymph |
| What is the correct anatomical position of the body? | Standing with palms of hands facing forward |
| What plane divides the right side of the body from the left side? | Medial |
| What plane divides the front of the body from the back of the body? | Ventral |
| What are two terms for the front of the body | Anterior or ventral |
| Give 2 terms for the back of the body | Posterior or dorsal |
| What plane divides the top of the body from the bottom of the body? | Transverse plane |
| What term is used to identify anything referencing the upper portion of the body? | Superior |
| What term is used to identify anything referencing the lower portion of the body? | Inferior |
| What are the four parts of the body divided into? | Head, spine, trunk and extremities |
| List the 5 body cavities | Cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic |
| List the 11 systems of the body (RED MEN R SLIC) | Reproductive, Excretory, Digestive, Muscular, Endocrine, Nervous, Respiritory, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Integumentary and Circulatory |
| What is the largest organ in the body? | Liver |
| What are the 7 functions of the Integumentary system (SHARE PS) | Secretion, heat, absorption, respiration, excretion, protection and sensation |
| What are the two layer of skin? | Epidermis and dermis |
| What are two types of glands of the skin? | Sudoriferous (sweat glands) and sebaceous (oil glands) |
| Blood and lymph supply nutrition to the skin through what two things? | Blood and lymph |
| T/F Get a doctors permission before massaging anyone with lesions, rashes, blisters or tumors? | True |
| What is the first warning that we get from the body in the case of tissue damage or destruction? | Pain |
| What are the four signs of melanoma? (ABCD) | Asymetric, Borders, Color and Diameter |
| What is the skeletal system made up of? | Bones, cartilage and ligaments |
| What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? (FPAMS) | Framework, Protection, Attachment sites for ligaments and tendons, manufacture blood cells and stores calcium |
| What are four organic (animal) parts of the bone? | blood vessels, osteocytes, marrow and connective tissue |
| What are the two inorganic parts of the bone? | calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate |
| What are four bone shapes? | flat, long, short and irregular |
| The end surface of the epiphysis is lined with a layer of cartilage known as what? | Hyaline or articular cartilage |
| T/F The purpose of articular cartilage is to create a smooth shock absorbing surface | True |
| The _______ is a fibrous membrane that protects bones and serves to allow attachment of tendons and ligaments | Periosteum |
| What is the area called between the two epiphysis bone ends called? | Diaphysis |
| What are two types of skeletal? | Axial and appendicular |
| What does the axial portion of the body include? | Head, hyoid bone, spine and thoracic |
| What does the appendicular portion of the body include? | Shoulders, hips, upper and lower extremities |
| How many bones are in the human body? | 206 |
| How many bones in the vertebral column (total and broken down) | 26 total- 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum 1 coccyx |
| What is the one function of joints? | To connect bones |
| Name 3 types of joints and an example of each (SAD) | Synarthrotic, immovable, skull. Amphiathrotic, semimovable, pubic symphasis. Diarthrotic, moveable, elbow. |
| What is the lubricant of joints | Synovial Fluid |
| What is fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones? | Ligaments |
| What is tissue that binds muscle to bone? | Tendons |
| What does a sprain effect? | Ligaments |
| What does a strain effect? | Muscle |
| What are 3 functions of cartilage? (CPS) | Cushion bones, Prevent jarring when moving and shape outer features |
| What is the fibrous sack filled with synovial fluid to cushion bones, tendons, muscle or skin against pressure | Bursa |
| Hole through bone is? | Foramen |
| A depression or hollow in bone is? | Fossa |
| A projection sticking out or prominence on bone is? | Process |
| Rough small bone on a bump is? | Tubercle |
| Bump on a bone smaller than a process and larger than a tubercle is? | Tuberosity |
| Rounded projection of a bone usually at a joint covered with articular cartilage is? | Condyle |
| Elevation of bone above a condyle is? | Epicondyle |
| What is painful inflammatory condition of articulating joints? | Arthritis |
| Inflammation of the bursa sacks is? | Bursitis |
| Excessive calcium absorbed from bone tinto bloodstream causing bones to become brittle and porous is? | Osteoporosis |
| What are three types of curved spines? | Scoliosis, lordosis and kyphosis |
| What is an effect of a curvature of the spine? | Muscles contract becoming hypertonic to compensate for curve |
| What is the name for C1? | Atlas |
| What is the name for C2? | Axis |
| Which vertebrae is the first prominent bump or protuberance on the spine? | C7 |
| What is the function of the muscular system? | Shapes and supports the skeleton |
| What are 3 types of muscle tissue? | striated, smooth and cardiac |
| T/F Muscles use the majority of food and oxygen to produce energy for movement and heat for body temperature regulation. | True |
| What are four characteristics of muscle? | Contractibility, Irritability, Extensibility and Elasticity |
| What is connective tissue? | It forms a net-like frame throughout the body |
| What are 3 types of connective tissue? | Superficial fascia, fascia and deep fascia |
| What organizes muscles into functional groups, surrounds each individual muscle, extends inward throughout the muscle creating muscle bundles and surrounding each muscle fiber? | Connective tissue |
| What is epimysium? | A layer of connective tissue that covers an individual muscle |
| What is perimysium? | Connective tissue that extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle into bundles of muscle fibers or fascicles |
| What is endomysium? | covering of individual muscle fibers |
| What is aponeuroses? | Flat tendonous sheaths that project beyond the ends of a muscle to connect muscle to muscle, muscle to bone and muscle to skin |
| What is the smallest functional contractual unit of muscle tissue? | Muscle cell |
| What is the name of the site where muscle fiber meets nerve fiber? | Neuromuscular junction |
| What is ATC? | Chemical neurotransmitter tht bridges the gap between the nerve end and the muscle fiber. |
| What is the energy molecule that enables muscle contraction? | ATP |
| What is it called when a muscle contracts with oxygen? | Aerobic |
| What happens when a muscle contracts without oxygen? | Anaerobic |
| Where does aerobic cellular respiration take place? | In the cells mitochondria |
| Anaerobic respiration produces what two acids? | Pyruvic acid and lactic acid |
| What is a state of constant muscle contraction when the body is at rest? | Muscle tone |
| What is the location where a muscle is connected to a relatively immoveable part of the skeleton? | Muscle origin |
| What is the location where the muscle is connected to a more moveable part of the skeleton? | Muscle insertion |
| What are the two muscle contraction types? | Isometric and isotonic |
| What are two types of isotonic contractions? | Concentric and Eccentric |
| What is concentric contraction? | The distance between the ends of the muscles decreases |
| What is eccentric contraction? | The distance between the ends of the muscles increases |
| What is a prime mover muscle? | Main muscle involved in a specific movement |
| What is an antagonist muscle? | An opposing muscle involved in a specific movement |
| What is a synergistic muscle? | Muscle that assists the prime mover muscle |
| What is a fixator muscle? | Muscle that stabilizes other muscles |
| What is flexion? | Movement where the angle of a joint decreases |
| What is extension? | Movement where the angle of a joint increases |
| The enlargement of a muscle size not the number of muscle fibers is? | Hypertrophy |
| The reduction of a muscle size and strength due to non use is? | Atrophy |
| What is muscle spasm? | Sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscle group |
| What is an inflammation of the tendon often occurring at the musculotendonis juncture? | Tendonitis |
| What is an inflammation of the tendon sheath? | Tenosynovitis |
| What are 3 characteristics of Fibromyalgia? | Pain, fatigue, stiffness in the connective tissues of the muscles |
| T/F Massage lowers heart rate? | True |
| What is the primary functions of liquid tissue/Circulatory system? | Blood carries nourishment and oxygen to cells and carries away waste from the cells. Lymph removes larger toxin or waste molecules too big for the blood system |
| What is another name for the circulatory system? | Vascular system |
| What are the 3 main means by which blood and lymph circulate throughout the body? | Heart, blood and lymph vessels |
| What is another name for the cardiovascular system? | Blood-vascular system |
| What components does the cardiovascular system include? | Heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) |
| What kind of system is the cardiovascular system considered? | Closed system |
| The cardiovascular system consists of? | Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins and blood |
| What is the purpose of the heart? | Pump that keeps blood circulating in a steady steam through the system of arteries, capillaries and veins |
| Where is the heart located? | In the chest cavity between the lungs behind the sternum |
| What is the pericardium? | Double layered membrane that encloses the heart |
| What lies between the double layers around the heart? | It's surrounded by serous fluid |
| What is the purpose of serous fluid around the heart? | To support the heart in position while allowing it to move frictionless as it pumps |
| Name the 3 layers of the heart walls and where each is located | Epicardium is the outer layer, Myocardium is the middle layer and Endocardium is the inside layer |
| How many chamber does the heart have? | 4 |
| What are the names of the four chambers of the heart? | Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle |
| What is the muscle that separates the left and right side of the heart? | The septum |
| What are the 4 valves? | Tricuspid valve, pulmonary semi lunar valve, bicuspid valve, and aortic semi lunar valve |
| What is the location of the tricuspid valve? | Between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| What is the location of the pulmonary semi lunar valve | Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
| What is the location of the bicuspid valve? | Between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| What is the location of the aortic semi lunar valve? | Between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| What are the 2 functions of vasomotor nerves? | They cause vasoconstriction and vasodialation in arteries which affect blood pressure and the flow of blood |
| What two things regulate heart rate? | Vagus nerve and sympathetic nervous system |
| What 5 blood vessels transport blood from the heart to tissue and back to the heart? | Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| What is the main artery of the body? | The aorta |
| What are the 2 main veins of the body? | Superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava |
| What are the two circulatory systems of the blood vascular system? | Pulmonary circulatory system and systemic circulatory system |
| What are three methods that capillaries transport substances to cell tissue? | Diffusion, filtration and osmosis |
| What is atherosclerosis? | Fatty deposits on the artery walls |
| What is arteriosclerosis? | Hardening of the artery walls |
| What is phlebitis? | Inflammation of the veins |
| What is a thrombus? | Fatty deposit or clot attached to the artery wall |
| What is an embolus? | Fatty deposit of clot that is loose from the artery wall |
| What is an aneurysm? | A weakness in the artery wall |
| What is CVA? | Stroke |
| What is a myocardial infarction? | Heart attack |
| What is varicose veins? | Protruding, bulbous, distended superficial veins mostly in the lower legs |
| What is edema? | Swelling or excessive fluid |
| How many pints of blood are found in the average 160 pound male? | 11 pints |
| What percentage of the blood is held in the skin? | 50% |
| What are the five chief functions of blood? | carry fluids, oxygen, nutrition to the interstitial spaces of the body carry away waste from cells regulate heat and cold in the body carry white blood cells to fight infection clot and close wounds |
| What is blood? | Liquid connective tissue carrying nutritive fluid throughout the blood vascular system |
| What are 4 components of blood tissue? | 1)blood plasma 2) white blood cells 3) red blood cells 4) platelets |
| What percent volume of the blood is plasma? | 50% to 60% |
| What is hemophilia? | Extremely slow clotting of the blood |
| What is anemia? | Rapid loss or inadequate production of red blood cells resulting in reduced ability to carry oxygen in the blood |
| What is leukemia? | A form of cancer where the body is producing white blood cells uncontrolled. The white blood cells do not fully mature and remain virtually non functional resulting in a low immune. |
| What other system that is intimately linked with the cardiovascular system | Lymph vascular or lymphatic system |
| What are the 5 components of the lymph vascular system | Lymph, lymphatics, lymph nodes, lymph ducts and lacteals |
| What is the function of the lymph system? | To collect excess tissue fluid, microorganisms, damaged cells, protein molecules that are too large or too toxic to return through the blood vascular system |
| Where does the lymph connect? | Lymph rejoins blood at the subclavian and jugular veins |
| What is lymph fluid? | Straw colored fluid that is derived from interstitial fluid. |
| T/F Lymph flows from lymph capillaries to lymphatics to larger lymphatics into one of the two large lymph ducts and back into the blood stream | True |
| What is an antigen? | Anything that can trigger an immune response (bacteria, foreign elements) |
| What is phagocytosis? | Process of encompassing and digesting anything that is a threat to the body |
| What are the two types of immunity? | Innate and acquired |
| When t-cells and b-cells are activated for antibody production to counter antigen invasion, some of those cells become what? | Memory cells |
| What is allergy? | Overreaction of the immune system |
| What is autoimmune? | Where the body makes antibodies and t-cells directed against its own cells |
| What are 2 functions of the nervous system? | Controls and coordinates the functions of other systems of the body so they work harmoniously and efficiently. It also collects sensory info to process, interpret and integrate the information into appropriate responses. |
| What are 3 parts of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve |
| What activities does the nervous system control? | Thought, emotion, memory, thinking, feeling, smelling, seeing, movement and speech |
| What is the functional unit of the nervous system | Nueron |
| What are the 3 types of neurons? | Sensory, motor and interneuron |
| What is the extension from a neuron? | Nerve fiber |
| What is a nerve | Bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue that extends from the CNS to peripheral nerves |
| What are 3 types of nerves? | Sensory, motor and mixed |
| What 2 systems is the nervous system divided into? | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| What are the components of the central nervous system? | Brain and spinal cord |
| What is responsible for protecting the central nervous system? | Cranium protects brain, vertebral bone protects spinal cord and cerbrospinal fluid protects both |
| What are the three parts of the brain? | Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem |
| What does the cerebrum do? | responsible for speech, memory, communication, emotion |
| What does the cerebellum do? | responsible for balance and voluntary muscles |
| What are the 3 parts of the brain stem? | midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
| What are the components of the peripheral nervous system? | Consists of all nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| How many cranial nerves are there? | 12 |
| How many spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| What is the breakdown of the spinal nerves? | 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves and 1 coccygeal nerve |
| Are the spinal nerves efferent, afferent or mixed nerves? | Mixed |
| What are the 5 plexus nerves | Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal |
| What 3 nerves branch from the brachial plexus? | ulnar nerve, median nerve and radial nerve |
| What is the branch of the lumbar nerve | femoral nerve |
| What is the longest and largest nerve in the body? | sciatic nerve |
| Into what two nerves does the sciatic nerve branch? | The peroneal nerve and tibial nerve |
| The peripheral nervous system breaks into what two systems? | Autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system |
| What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system? | controls self governing, involuntary activity in the body like glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle |
| What is the purpose of the somatic nervous system? | Nerves connecting the central nervous system to voluntary muscles and skin to allow voluntary movement |
| What are the two systems of the autonomic nervous system? | Symphathetic nervous system and the parsympathetic nervous system |
| What is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system? | It is fight or flight |
| What is the purpose of the parasympathetic nervous system? | To balance the sympathetic nervous system by calming and conserving energy |
| What is a neurological pathway? | Route that a nerve impulse travels through the nervous system |
| What is the simplest nerve activity? | Reflex |
| What nerves are involved in this simplest nerve activity? | Sensory and motor |
| What is a reflex arc? | The nerve pathway of a reflex |
| What are exteroceptors? | Record conscious sensations like heat, cold and pain |
| What are proprioceptors? | A system of sensory and motor nerve activity that provides information about the position and rate of movement of all parts of the body and sends the info to the CNS |
| What are the two major categories of proprioceptors? | Muscle spindle cells and golgi tendon organs |
| What do spindle cells do? | Tells the CNS the length and stetch of the muscle and how far and fast the muscle is moving |
| Where is the spindle cell located? | In the belly of the muscle |
| What do golgi tendon organs do? | It measures the amount of tension produced in muscle cells. |
| Where is the golgi tendons located? | In the tendon area where the muscle attaches to tendon tissue |
| What is the major function of the endocrine system? | Assists the nervous system to regulate body process |
| What are the 2 main classifications of glands? | Exocrine and endocrine |
| What is another term for hormones? | Chemical messengers |
| Hyperactive glands are? | Overactive glands |
| Hypoactive glands are? | Underactive glands |
| What gland is known as the master gland? | The pituitary gland |
| What 3 hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? | Somototropic, TSH and ACTH |
| What is the somototropic hormone? | Growth hormone |
| What is TSH hormone? | regulates thyroid |
| What is ACTH hormone? | regulates adrenal cortex |
| What hormone is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and what does it do? | Antidiuretic hormone and it stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water thereby reducing urine output |
| What is giantism caused by? | Hyperpituitarism before puberty |
| What is acromegaly caused by? | hyperpituitarism after puberty |
| What 3 hormones are produced by the thyroid? | thyroxin, tiiodothyronine and calcitonin |
| What is hyperthyroidism? | Overactive function of the thyroid gland |
| What is hypothyroidism? | Underactive function of thyroid activity |
| What is the result of hypothyroidism in children? | Dwarfed stature |
| What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce? | Parathormone |
| What does the parathyroid gland do? | Regulates blood levels of calcium |
| What are the results of hyperparathyroidism? | Causes loss of calcium from the bones and excessive excretion of calcium and phosphorus from the kidneys. Tendency toward kidney stones |
| What are the results of hypoparathyroidism? | Causes low blood calcium with tetany (a sustained muscle contraction that effects hand and feet) |
| What organ is located behind the sternum and above the heart? | Thymus |
| Is the thymus gland endocrine or lymphatic? | Both |
| T/F The pancreas gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | True |
| What are the small groups of specialized cells in the pancreas called? | Islets of Langerhans |
| What does insulin do? | Regulates the movement of glucose across the cell memebrane (nourishing the cell) |
| Where are the adrenal glands located? | on top of each kidney |
| Name the two parts of the adrenal gland? | Adrenal cortex and medulla |
| What are the two primary hormones produced in the medulla? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What is the common function of adrenaline? | Fight or flight |
| What is the purpose of norepiinephrine? | Calms you down after fight/flight |
| What hormone is produced by the adrenals responsible for the sodium/potassium levels in the extracellular fluid and in the blood? | Aldosterone |
| What does cortisol do? | It has the ability to repress or resolve inflammation and enhances healing of damaged tissue |
| What is hyperadrenalism? | Excessive release of adrenal hormones into the blood steam |
| What primary hormone is produced by the testes? | Testosterone |
| What two primary hormones are produced by the ovaries? | Estrogen and progesterone |
| What 7 organs are included in the respiratory system? | Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larnx, trachea, bronchial tubes and lungs |
| what are clusters of air sacs called? | Alveoli |
| Define the three levels of respiration in the body | 1) External Respiration 2) Internal Respiration 3) Cellular Respiration occurs within the cells mitochondria |
| What are the other names for External Respiration? | Ventilation, breathing |
| What are the main functions of the digestive system? | Digestion and absorption |
| What is digestion? | Process of converting food into substances capable of being used by the cells for nourishment |
| What is absorption? | Process in which digested nutrients are transferred from the intestines to the blood or lymph vessels so that they can be transported to the cells |
| What is the digestive system composed of? | alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs |
| What is alimentary canal also known as? | gastrointestinal or digestive tract |
| What does the alimentary canal consist of? | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine |
| What does the accessory digestive organs include? | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas. liver and gall bladder |
| The mouth is also known as? | The oral cavity |
| What does saliva contain? | Enzymes |
| What is peristalsis? | The wave-like muscular action in the alimentary canal |
| What are sphincters? | Muscular valves that allow the passage of food substances in only one direction |
| What is the longest part of the alimentary canal? | Small intestine |
| Name the 3 parts of the small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| What are the organs of the excretory system? | Kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine and lungs |
| What is the nephron? | The functional unit of the kidney |
| Ureters are? | tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| What is the largest organ in the body? | The liver |
| Are the sex glands duct or ductless? | Both |
