| A | B |
|---|
| social cognition | The process of using information to understand others and the social world |
| Heuristics | are mental processes in social cognition that act as shortcuts to decision making by saving cognitive effort |
| Representatives Heuristic | It is used by people to make decisions about others based on their similarity to members of a particular group |
| Availability Heuristic | bases a decision on how easily an example of something is brought to mind. |
| False Consensus Effect | suggests that people overestimate the proportion of people who agree with them on a given topic. |
| The priming effect | external procedure that increases the probability that a particular category of information will be available in memory. Like after you see a scary movie you are more prone to notice things like dark shadows which would not have bothered you before |
| Automatic priming | unconsciously processes influences on the availability of particular categories of information. |
| Spontaneous trait inference | occurs when we receive information about others and tend to form immediate impressions about their underlying characteristics. Spontaneously generated trait inferences influence future perception through priming. |
| Self-generated priming | is evidenced by the finding that people will be influenced in their perceptions of another by a list of trait descriptions previously available to them. |
| Priming influences... | decision-making heuristics |
| Information is more likely to grab our attention if it is inconsistent... | with our beliefs |
| Automatic vigilance | the tendency to notice negative information about people such as a frown, or someone who has just been in an argument with someone. |
| The face-in-the-crowd effect | the ability to pick out negative expressions from a crowd and is a feature of automatic vigilance. |
| Counterfactual thinking | is a form of mental simulation. |
| Counterfactual thinking Def... | Thinking about the results of an action and alternative actions and outcomes |
| overconfidence phenomenon | Tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs |
| Self-concept | person's social identity is composed of a self-concept and identification with various groups of people. |
| self-reference effect | information about the self is more likely to gain our attention |
| Possible selves | Concepts of how we might change in the future are possible selves, acts as motivation |
| Looking-glass Self | we see ourselves as the most important people in our lives see us. |
| self-esteem | the positive or negative evaluation of the present self by oneself. |
| Self-ideal discrepancy | the gap between self-perceived ideal and actual selves. |
| Self-serving bias | This alteration of ideal standards to protect self-esteem is the self-serving bias |
| Low self-esteem | associated with loneliness because people with low self-esteem often have inadequate social skills. |
| External locus of control | the degree to which you think that your life is in the hands of chance or outside forces. |
| Internal locus of control | the degree to which you think that you can change your life through your own effort. |
| Self-efficacy | the component of the self that deals with how able one feels to perform a task. |
| Self-monitoring | degree to which individuals regulate their behavior based on the situation. |
| Script theory | demonstrated by behavioral consistency within situations regardless of others' response. |
| bio-psycho-social | which entails thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness. ... |
| confounding variable | A stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicitly introduces into a research setting that affects a participant's behavior. |
| correlation | A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. |
| causation | what causes something, the realtionship between cause and effect |
| correlation research | A procedure in which subjects are assigned to groups on the basis of preexisting characteristics. |
| debriefing | The information imparted during the process of being debriefed., or the process of being debriefed |
| deception | the use of deceit or the act of trickery or fooling someone |
| demand characteristics | A bias that results when participants display characteristics because they are aware that they are being observed. |
| dependant variable | A variable (often denoted by y) whose value depends on that of another |
| experimental realism | Experimental realism is the extent to which an experiment can involve the participant and get them to behave in a way that it is meaningful to what you're doing. |
| experiemental research | An attempt by the researcher to maintain control over all factors that may affect the result of an experiment |
| experimental bias | subjective bias to the result expected |
| field research | is the collection of raw data in natural settings. It helps to reveal the habits and habitats of various organisms present in their natural surroundings. |
| framing | A particular description of a choice; the perspective from which a choice is described or framed affects how a decision is made and which option is ultimately exercised. |
| hindsight bias | to the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are. |
| hypothesis | educated guess |
| independant variable | a variable you have control over and can choose to change or manipulate |
| informed consent | legal procedure to ensure that a patient or client knows all of the risks and costs involved in a treatment. |
| mundane realism | Mundane realism is the extent to which the experimental situation/task is something that participants might do in real life |
| naturalist fallacy | when what ‘ought to be’ is derived from what ‘is’; also known as a perspective which reduces the question of values to that of facts; |
| placebo effect | A change in behavior in the absence of an experimental manipulation...or when patients think they have taken medicine and act better even though what they were given was a sugar pill not a medicine |
| power of situation | did not find |
| random assignment | random placement is an experimental technique for assigning subjects to different treatments (or no treatment). |
| random sample | s one chosen by a method involving an unpredictable component. |
| sampling bias | is when a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others. |
| social neuroscience | is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior |
| social psychology | discipline that uses scientific methods to study social influence, social perception and social interaction. |
| social representation | is a stock of values, ideas, beliefs, and practices that are shared among the members of groups and communities. |
| theory | A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, esp. one based on general principles independent of the thing to be.. |
| collectivism | The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it. |
| defensive pessimism | A strategy that anticipates a negative outcome and then takes steps to avoid that outcome. |
| dual attitudes | is based on the notion that within the mind there can be different evaluations of the same attitude object. |
| external locus of control | referring to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them |
| false uniqueness effect | refers to the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors |
| group serving bias | same as self serving bias but between groups |
| illusion of transparency | tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others |
| immune neglect | Affective forecasting is the forecasting of one's affect (emotional state) in the future. |
| impact bias | tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of future feeling states |
| independent self | n/a |
| individualism | The habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant |
| interdependent self | how much of you depends on others |
| internal locus of control | believe that events result primarily from their own behavior and actions |
| learned helplessness | is a psychological condition in which a person feels unable to change his or her circumstances. |
| planning fallacy | is a tendency for people and organizations to underestimate how long they will need to complete a task |
| self handicapping | is the process by which people avoid effort in the hopes of keeping potential failure from hurting self-esteem. |
| self presentation | unconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event; they do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction |
| self schema | ideas and beliefs people have about themselves |
| self-serving attributions | strategies designed to account for ones successes and failures |
| self verification | people need to seek confirmation of their self concept |
| social comparison | the idea that there is a drive within individuals to look to outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities |
| spotlight effect | our tendency to think people are watching us closer than they actually are |
| unrealistic optomism | a form of defensive attribution wherein people think that good things are more likely to happen to them than to their peers and that bad things are less likely to happen to them than to their peers |
| Universal Social Belief Dimension - Leung and Bond | general beliefs about how the world functions |
| social dominance orientation | is a personality trait which predicts social and political attitudes, and is a widely used Social Psychological scale. SDO is conceptualised as a measure of individual differences in levels of group-based discrimination and domination; that is, it is a measure of an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system. |
| personal space | is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. |
| norms | something that is typical, usual, or suspected |
| natural selection | Natural selection is a theory that organisms in a natural environment change over time, preserving beneficial traits. |
| interaction | kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. |
| gender | your sex...female or male |
| gender role | refer to the set of social and behavioral norms that are considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex |
| evolutionary psychology | is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations |
| empathy | The ability to understand and share the feelings of another |
| culture | The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. |
| conflict | A serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one |
| androgynous | Partly male and partly female in appearance; of indeterminate sex, hermaphrodite |
| aggression | Behaviors that cause psychological or physical harm to another individual |
| self-perception theory | It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behaviour and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. |
| role | The function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation. |
| overjustification effect | occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task. |
| low-ball technique | An unscrupulous sales technique where customers are initially quoted a lower price, then informed that there has been a mistake and the actual price is higher. Customers who initially agree to pay the lower price are much more likely to continue with the sale at the higher price. |
| insufficient justification | is when an individual utilizes internal motivation to justify a behavior. |
| implicit attitudes | are the positive or negative thoughts, feelings, or actions towards objects which arise due to past experiences |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request |
| explicit attitudes | A person's conscious views toward people, objects, or concepts. That is, the person is aware of the feelings he or she holds in a certain context. |
| door-in-the-face technique | The persuader attempts to convince someone to comply with a request by first making an extremely large request that the respondent will obviously turn down, with a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face. The respondent is then more likely to accede to a second, more reasonable request than if this second request were made without the first, extreme request. |
| cognitive dissonance | The theory that the tension-producing effects of incongruous cognitions motivate individuals to reduce such tension. |
| bogus pipeline | is a technique used by social psychologists to reduce false answers when attempting to collect self-report data. |
| attitude | The learned, relatively stable tendency to respond to people, concepts, and events in an evaluative way. |
| spontaneous trait inference | An automatic tendency to associate with people the traits that they impute to others. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. |
| self-awareness | is the ability to perceive aspects of our personality, behavior, emotions, motivations, and thought process. |
| schema | shape or plan |
| rosy retrospection | refers to the finding that subjects later rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred |
| misinformation effect | refers to the finding that exposure to misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall causes impairment in memory.[1][2] This effect occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information. |
| misattribution | an instance of remembering some aspect of an event correctly, but mistakenly recalling the origin of the memory |
| implicit association test (IAT) | which gauges prejudicial attitudes or beliefs about certain groups of people. |
| illusory correlation | is the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists. |
| illusion of control | is the tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes that they demonstrably have no influence over. |
| heuristic | experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. |
| Harold Kelley | interdependence theory,the early work of attribution theory |
| fundamental attribution error | describes the tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while under-valuing situational explanations for those behaviors |
| distinctiveness | peculiarity: a distinguishing trait, something that sets you apart |
| dispositional attribution | is the explanation of individual behavior as a result caused by internal characteristics that reside within the individual, as opposed to outside (situational) influences that stem from the environment or culture in which that individual is found |
| consistency | Conformity in the application of something, typically that which is necessary for the sake of logic, accuracy, or fairness. |
| consensus | general agreement |
| confirmation bias | tendency for people to be in favor of information that confirms their beliefs |
| belief perseverance | is a tendency for people to favor information that confirms their preconceptions or hypotheses regardless of whether the information is true. ... |
| behavioral confirmation | The process by which people behave in ways that elicit from others specific expected reactions and then use those reactions to confirm their beliefs. |
