| A | B |
|---|
| Total Body Water (TBW) | accounts for 60 percent of teh body weight, or about 42 liters in the 70 kg person, divided between two major compartments (intracellular and estracellular) |
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) | accounts for 75 percent of body fluid |
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) | accounts for 25 percent of body fluids; subdivided into two compartments (interstitial and intravascular) |
| Interstitial fluid | accounts for about 17.5 percent of body fluid; remains outside the cells, yet not within the vascular space |
| Intravascular fluid | accounts for 7.5 percent of body fluid; contained within the circulatory system |
| Sodium | chief extracellular cation (postivitely charged particle); plays a role in regulating the distribution of water |
| Potassium | chief intracellular cation; plays a major role in the transmission of electrical impulses |
| Chloride | body's chief anion (negatively charged particle); plays an important role in kidney function and fluid balance |
| Diffusion | tendency of molecules within a solution to move toward an equilibrium; keeps the fluids within each body compartment consistent in mixture |
| Osmosis | movement of solvent (body water) from an area of lesser particle concentration to one of greater concentration; causes body water to follow the various electrolytes into the intracellular, intravascular, and interstitial spaces |
| Active transport | biochemically powered movement of a substance across a cell's membrance, often against an osmotic gradient; exxential activity of the cell membrance, which allows the body to control movement of electrolytes and essential molecules; faster than osmosis or diffusion, but it requires cell energy |
| Facilitated diffusion | assisted transport across the cell membrance; mechanism by which glucose is brought into the body's cells |
| ABO blood typing system | identifies two antigens, which commonly occur on red blood cells; a person has one, both, or neither, and hence is classified as A, B, or O (which is without) |
| Dehydration | net loss of body fluid may be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, disorders of absorption, fever status, diaphoresis, seeping wounds, or third space losses; can leave the cardiovascular system without the medium (plasma) to transport essential body materials effectively |
| Overhydration | net accumulation of fluid caused by the inability of the person to eliminate fluid (as in kedney failure) or an excessive intake of fluids (as in aggressive intracenous fluid administration); excess fluids flows out of the vascular space into the interstitial spaces and lungs causing peripheral edema or pulmonary edema |
| Whole blood | ideal fluid replacement when blood is lost; precious commodity and carries with its administration the risk of reaction or disease transmission |
| Blood products | valuable in resuscitation of the patient who has lost fluid; carry the risk of reaction or transmission of disease |
| Colloids | solutions containing proteins or other large molecules that tend to remain in the vascular space for extended periods of time; draw water from the interstitial space and expand the vascular volume; tend to ber expensive and have a relatively short shelf life |
| Crystalloids | solutions of electrolyes that have hypertonic (greater), isotonic (the same), or hypotonic (lesser) osmotic concentrations; remains in the vascular space for a relatively short time, but are inexpensive and practical to store; isotonic fluids most widely used in field because of limited side effects; commonly used isotonic fluids--lactated Ringer's solution, normal saline, and 5 percent dextrose in water |
| Respiratory alkalosis | caused by hyperventilation resulting from anxiety or head injury |
| Respiratory acidosis | caused by hypoventilation due to chest injury, head injury, or drug overdose |
| Metabolic acidosis | results from the accumulation of metabolic acids due to pyoosia at the cellular level; may be caused by hypoxia, hypoperfusion, diabetic ketoacidosis, poisonings, and serious infections |
| Metabolic alkalosis | results from an excess of bicarbonate ions; may be caused by ingestion of antacide or by prolonged vomiting and diarrhea |
| Shock | inadequate tissue perfusion; inability of the human system, through the cardiovascular system, to supply the body's cellular needs |
| Increased peripheral resistance | caused by contriction of blood vessels; provides two mechanisms to combat shock; first, constriction of the arterioles maintains blood pressure; second, it diverts blood to critical organs |
| Increased preload | occurs when the veins constrict and reduce their volume; because veins account for about 60 percent of the blood volume, a reasonable effective response may result in modest to moderate blood loss |
| Increased heart rate | response to lowering blood pressure; in the presence of low preload, may not be effective |
| Peripheral vascular shunting | directs the blood away from the skin, conserves body heat and reduces fluid loss through evaporation; also redirects blood to more critical areas |
| Fluid shifts | results of drawing fluid from the interstitial and cellular spaces into the vascular space; although a slow process, can provide the vascular system with serveral liters of fluid |
| Compensated shock | initial response of the body to fluid loss; blood vessels constrict, the heart rate and strength of contraction increase, and blood is directed from less critical structures, such as the skin, to the internal and vital organs |
| Decompensated shock | state in which the cardiovascular system is not receiving enough oxygenated circulation to maintain a compensatory state; blood vessels relax, the heart can no longer forcibly contract, and blood pressur and circulatory flow drop precipitously |
| Irreversible shock | state in which cell death has begun and the cardiovascular system is no longer capable of sustaining life, even if the lost fluid is replace in its entirety damage is irreversible |
| Capillary refill | normally occurs within two seconds |
