| A | B |
|---|
| gymnoperms | have seeds that do not develop within an enclosed structure |
| angiosperms | have seeds that develop within a protective structure |
| dermal tissue | outer protective covering of plant composed of epidermis and cuticle |
| ground tissue | thin-walled cells that function in storage, photosynthesis, support and secretion. Space between epidermis and vascular tissue. |
| vascular tissue | xylem and phloem carry out long-distance conduction of water, minerals and nutrients within the plant |
| meristematic tissue | similar to stem cells, these cells divide to become part of the plant body |
| roots | absorb minerals ions and water from soil, provide anchorage |
| root cortex | involved in conducting water from the soil to the interior vascular tissue |
| xylem | conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves |
| phloem | transport organic nutrients through the plant |
| node | area where a leaf joins the stem |
| internode | area between two nodes, between two leaves joining the stem |
| cambrium | area of rapidly dividing cells that differentiate into xylem and phloem |
| cuticle | layer of wax that reduces water loss from the leaf and insect invasion |
| palisade mesophyll | cells occurring in the upper portion of the leaf that contain a large number of chloroplasts |
| spongy mesophyll | loosely packed cells with few chloroplasts in the bottom portion of the leaf |
| stomata | openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to exchange |
| guard cells | control the opening and closing of stomata |
| veins | composed of xylem and phloem and transport raw materials and products of photosynthesis throughout the leaf |
| taproot system | one main vertical root that develops from the embryonic root |
| fibrous root system | group of thin roots spread out in the soil without a main central root |
| prop root | thick adventitious roots that grow from the lower part of the stem and brace the plant (e.g. corn) |
| storage roots | specialized cells within the root store large quantities of carbohydrates and water (e.g. carrots and beets) |
| pneumatophores (air roots) | roots produced by plants that live in humid or wet places |
| buttress roots | large roots that develop near the bottom of trees to provide stability (e.g. fig tree) |
| bulbs | vertical, underground stems consisting of enlarged bases of leaves hat store food (e.g. onions) |
| tubers | horizontally growing stems below ground that are modified as carbohydrates-storage structures (e.g. potatoes) |
| rhizomes | horizontal stems that grow just below the surface to allow plant spreading (e.g. ginger plant) |
| stolons | horizontal stems growing above ground that allow a plant to reproduce asexually (e.g. strawberry plants) |
| tendrils | leaf structures that coil around objects to aid in support and climbing (e.g. pea plants) |
| reproductive leaves | leaves that produce tiny plants along the leaf margins that fall to the ground and take root in the soil (e.g. kalanchoe plants) |
| bracts or floral leaves | coloured modified leaves that surround flowers and attract insects for pollination (poinsettia) |
| spines | leaf structures that reduce water loss, may be associated with modified stems that carry out photosynthesis (e.g. cacti) |
| indeterminate growth | continual pattern of growth (i.e. plants continue to grow while animals stop at a certain size) |
| apical meristms | tissue in the tips of roots and stems and causes primary growth |
| lateral meristems | this meristem allows growth in thickness of plants, vascular cambrium and cork cambrium are seen in most trees and shrubs |
| tropisms | growth or movement responses to directional external stimuli |
| phototropism | growth of a plant toward the simuli of light |
| auxins | plant hormones that cause positive phototropism of plant shoots and seedlings |
