| A | B |
|---|
| DSM-IV | The book used to diagnose mental disorders |
| Symptom | Any characteristic of a person's actions, thoughts, or feelings that could be an indicator of mental disorder |
| Syndrome | A group of interrelated symptoms manifested by an individual, evidence of a mental disorder (must meet criteria) |
| Clinical criteria of mental disorders | Distress, impairment of functioning, and clinically significant (warrents professional help) |
| Internal criteria of mental disorders | One's biology, mental structure, or learned habits |
| Involuntary manifestation criteria of mental disorders | Not deliberate |
| Reliability | Different diagnosticians reach the same conclusion when independently diagnosing the same individual |
| Validity | The extent to which the categories identified are clinically meaningful |
| Prevalence | % of the general population who will suffer from the disorder within their lifetime |
| Labeling | May blind clinicians to other qualities of the person, reduce esteem accorded by others, and reduce self-esteem |
| Medical students disease | The tendency for students to find symptoms in themselves |
| Perspectives | Different ways of describing and explaining mental disorders |
| Biological Perspectives | Diseases of the brain, measured by correlations between brain abnormalities and observed disorders |
| Psychodynamic Perspectives | Unresolved mental conflicts generate anxiety resulting in maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving (Freud) |
| Cognitve Perspectives | Learned maladaptive conscious thoughts through interactions with the environment |
| Behavioral Perspectives | Learned maladaptive behavior through interation with the environment |
| Sociocultural Perspectives | Disorders are products of the arger culture in which a person develops |
| Multiple Causation Frameworks | Disorders most likely have more than one cause |
| Predisposing causes | Genes, learned beliefs, habitual patterns, sociocultural conditions |
| Precipitating causes | Immediate events that bring on the disorder, loss, physical disease, new responsibilities |
| Maintaining causes | Consequences that help keep the disorder going once it begins, negative consequences, expectations of the disorder, belief in eventual recovery |
| Anxiety Disorder | Fear or anxiety is the dominant symptom, fight or flight, impairment of function for at least 6 months, mescle tension, irrability, upset stomach |
| Phobias | Intense, irrational fear clearly related to a particular object/event which the person is aware of but can't control |
| Specific phobias | Simple, phobias, fear of a specific object or situation |
| Social phobias | Fear of scrutinization, diagnosed equally in men and women |
| Obsession | A disturbing thought that intrudes repeatedly on a person's consciousness even though it is recognized irrational |
| Compulsion | Repetitive action performed in response to the obsession |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | Treatment includes drugs that increase serotonin activity which reduces neural activity and behavioral and cognitive therapy procedures |
| Panic Disorder | A sense of terror comes at unpredictable times, unprovoked by the threat in the environment |
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | Anxiety directly and explicitly tied to a traumatic incident |
| Mood Disorder | Intense or prolonged mood that promoted harmful or life-threatening actions |
| Unipolar Disorder | Depressive disorders, prolonged and extreme depression, sadness, blame, absence of pleasure, change in sleep patterns and appetite |
| Bipolar Disorder | Manic depression, alternating episodes of depression and mania or severe elation |
| Somatoform Disorders | Bodily aliments in the absence of any physical disease |
| Conversion Diorder | Temporary loss of some bodily function that cannot be explained in terms of physical damage |
| Somatization Disorder | A long history of dramatic complaints about many different medical conditions, usually vague and unverifiable |
| Type A Personality | Cometitive, aggressive, easily irritated, impatient, workaholics, getting ahead |
| Type B Personality | Relaxed behaviors associated with low risk for heart attack |
| Drug Abuse | Persistent use of a drug in a way that is harmful to the self or society |
| Alcohol | Most abused drug |
| Drug Dependence | Physiological or psychological compulsion to take a drug on a regular basis with severe fellings of distress without it |
| Biological perspectives on psychoactive substance-use disorders | Psychoactive drugs alter mood, thought, or behavior by altering the biology of the brain |
| Intoxicating effects | Short term effects for which the drug is usually taken; effects of alcohol include anxiety relief, slowed thinking, poor judgement, and slurred speech |
| Withdrawal effects | Occur after the drug is removed from the system after a long period of continuous or frequent use; it includes halucinations, panic, muscle tremors, sweating, and high heart rate |
| Permanent effects | Irreversible form of brain damage which includes Alcohol Amnesic Disorder (memory impairment, poor motor coodination) and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (mental retardation, physical abnormalities) |
| Behavioral perspectives on psychoactive substance-use disorders | Abuse or dependence are learned, voluntary behaviors, a short-term pleasure or relief is reinforcing |
| Cognitive perspectives on psychoactive substance-use disorders | Decision based on a person's belief or expectation, valued effects (mare sociable, powerful, sexually vital), and fear or tendency to avoid megatigve emotions |
| Sociocultural perspective on psychoactive sustance-use disorders | Belief's about substances gained from the social environment (peer pressure, cultural traditions, sexual expectations) |
| Dissociative Disorders | A variety of complex disorders associated with memory loss |
| Dissociation | Like hypnosis, a period of a person's life becomes separated from the conscious mind and can't be recalled unless under certain conditions |
| Dissociative amnesia | Memory loss (prominent symptom) selective loss of memory for a specific traumatic experience or global (including facts about self) |
| Dissociative fugue | Loss of memory about identity (wandering away from home, development of new a identity, and return to original identity triggers loss of memory of everything during the fugue |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | (Multiple Personality Disorder), two or more distinct personalities or self identities are manifested by the same person at different times, may take years to diagnose |
| Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder | Repeated, severe physical or sexual abuse in childhood, abuse occurs (usually) before the age of 10, more women are diagnosed, may also include symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder |
| Schizophrenia | A split among mental processes (attention, perception, emotion, motivation, thought), processes lead to bizarre behavior, means "split mind" |
| Symptoms of Schizophrenia | Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms |
| Delusions | False beliefs held in the face of compelling evidence to the contrary, includes delusions of persecution (belief of others plotting against you), grandeur (belief that you are extraordinarily important), and being controlled (belief that others control your thought or movements) |
| Hallucinations | False sensory perception, most commonly hearing voices |
| Disorganzied speech | Speech characteristics that refelct an underlying disorganization of thought, includes overinclusion and paralogic speech |
| Overinclusion | Disorganized speech, inclusion of associated words in a statement that have little to do with the meaning |
| Paralogic | Disorganized speech, reasoning is superficially based on rules of logic, but in fact is flawed in ways that are obvious to others |
| Disorganized behavior | Behaviors that are strikingly inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in obtaining the apparent goal |
| Catatonic behavior | Periods of marked unresponsiveness to the environment which may involve active resistence or excited motor activity related to the enviroment |
| Catatonic stupor | A complete lack of movement or apparent awareness of the environment |
| Negative symptoms | Absence of (or reduction) of expected behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and drives |
| Three subcategories of schizophrenia | Paranoid (delusions of persecution and grandeur with hallucinations), catatonic (non-reactive to the environment), and disorganized (disorganized speech, behavior, and inappropriate affect) |
| Biological Bases for schizophrenia | Heredity (concordance), congenital influences (prenatal or birth traumas involving oxygen deprivation or trauma to the brain), brain chemistry (the dopamine theory), brain structure (no single brain difference), and behavioral precursors |
| Family and cultural incluences on schizophrenia | Effects of the family (parents genetically predisposed) and cross cultural differences (consistencies exist in precalence of symptoms, treatment in other countries involves folk or religious treatment, less likely to be hospitalized or receive drugs, family members more accepting in other countries) |
