| A | B |
|---|
| abduction | Moving away from the median plane. Movement occurs in the coronal plane.(When you stand with your feet apart, your legs are in abduction (abducted)). |
| active movement | Movements which are performed actively without assistance |
| adduction | The opposite of abduction. If you sqeeze your knees together, you are adducting your legs. |
| anatomical planes | Four imaginary planes pass through the body in the anatomical position, which help to describe movements and body positions. These are the median, sagittal, coronal, and horizontal planes. |
| anatomical position | The anatomical position is a position used as a reference when describing parts of the body in relation to each other. Used in conjunction with terms of relationship, terms of comparison and terms of movement, the anatomical position allow a standard way of documenting where one part of the body is in relation to another, regardless of whether the body is standing, lying down, or in any other position.A person in the anatomical position is standing erect with the head, eyes and toes pointing forward, feet together with arms by the side. The palms of the hands are also point forward. |
| ankylosing spondylitis | A polyarthritis involving the spine, which is characterised by progressive, painful stiffening of the joints and ligaments. It almost exclusively affects young men. |
| anterior | Closer to the front The knee cap is on the anterior side of the knee |
| arthritis | An inflammatory condition that affects joints. Can be infective, autoimmune, traumatic in origin. |
| bone | The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine. |
| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon, the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | A condition where there is a disturbance of median nerve function in the wrist as the nerve passes through the carpal tunnel. |
| carpal tunnel release | An orthopaedic surgical procedure which relieves the pressure exerted on the median nerve within the carpal tunnel in the wrist. |
| cervical spine | The seven vertebrae which make up the bones of the neck. The bones are named C1 through to C7. |
| circumduction | A circular motion combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Making circles in the air with your arms. |
| Colles fracture | A common fracture of the distal radius at the wrist joint due to a fall on an outstretched hand. |
| contracture | A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints or from disorders of the muscle fibres. |
| contusion | Bleeding within a muscle, often as a result of a direct blow to the muscle. See Sprains, Strains and Contusions |
| coronal plane | The coronal plane is a vertical plane which is perpendicular to the median and sagittal planes, and is sometimes also referred to as the frontal plane. |
| cryotherapy | The therapeutic use of cold to reduce discomfort, limit progression of tissue oedema or break a cycle of muscle spasm. Cryotherapy is a form of counterirritation. |
| deep | Further from the surface The lungs are ____ to the ribs |
| depression | Opposite to elevation |
| distal | Further from the trunk The wrist is ______ to the elbow |
| dorsiflexion | Movement of the ankle in the sagittal plane which decreases the angle between the foot and the lower leg When you point your foot towards your head. |
| elevation | Upward movement When shrugging your shoulders you _______ them |
| embolus | A clot formed by platelets or leucocytes that blocks a blood vessel |
| extension | Straightening a joint to make the angle larger. Occurs in the sagittal plane. If you straighten your legs, the knees have undergone _________ (extended). |
| external rotation | The opposite of internal rotation. You externally rotate your hip when you point your feet out to the side. |
| flexion | Bending the joint to make the angle between the two bones smaller. Occurs in the sagittal plane. When you touch your right shoulder with your right hand, your elbow is in ______ (flexed). |
| fracture | A break or rupture in the cortex of bone. The act of breaking a bone. |
| haemarthrosis | Bleeding originating from within a joint which has been damaged or injured |
| horizontal plane | The horizontal plane, or transverse plane, is a plane which splits the body or body part in question into upper and lower parts. |
| inferior | Closer to the feet The chest is ________ to the neck |
| inflammation | A localised protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off (sequester) both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. |
| internal rotation | Rotation of a limb where the anterior surface of the limb moves medially. You internally rotate your shoulder when you scratch your back. |
| irritibility | Refers to the behaviour of a condition when it is provoked. Takes into consideration how long it takes to bring pain on, the severity of that pain, and how long for it to subside |
| lateral | Further from the midline The thumb is on the _______ side of the hand |
| lateral flexion | A movement in the coronal plane used to describe a movement of the spine. If you tilt you head to touch your ear to your shoulder, you have ______________ your neck. |
| ligament | A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. |
| lumbar spine | The 5 vertebrae which make up the bones of the Lower Back. These bones are named L1 through to L5. |
| medial | Closer to the midline The big toe is ______ to the 5th toe |
| nerve | One of the whitish and elastic bundles of fibres, with the accompanying tissues, which transmit nervous impulses between nerve centers and various parts of the animal body. |
| opposition | Movement of the hand where the thumb touches the 5th finger. |
| Osgood-Schlatter Disease | A common knee disorder in teenage boys, results from the chronic avulsion of the tibial tubercle, a bony prominence on the tibia. |
| osteitis | Inflammation of bone |
| osteochondritis dissecans | A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints. |
| osteomalacia | A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralisation, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localised or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue and periosteum. |
| osteoporosis | A reduction in the amount of bone mass, leading to fractures after minimal trauma. |
| Paget's Disease | This is a disease of bone that initially results in the excessive resorption of bone (by osteoclasts) followed by the replacement of normal bone marrow with vascular and fibrous tissue. |
| passive mobilisation | A manual treatment technique used for reducing pain or increasing movement at a joint. Different grades of mobilisation can be used depending on the condition and/or outcome desired |
| passive movement | Movement of a body part in which movement occurs due to an external force, such as when a therapist moves a joint through its range of movement without assistance from the patient |
| Perthes Disease | A disorder characterised by the deterioration of the head of the femur in the hip joint, due to its insufficient blood supply. This disorder occurs most frequently in boys aged 5 to 10 years and tends to run in families. |
| plantar flexion | Movement of the ankle in the sagittal plane which increases the angle between the foot and the lower leg When you stand on 'tip-toes' your ankles are in _______________. |
| posterior | Closer to the back The shoulder blades are _________ to the ribs |
| Pott's Fracture | A fracture of the lower end of the fibula, with displacement of the tibia. |
| pronation | A movement of the forearm in which the palm faces anteriorly. When unscrewing a screw with your right hand, you must _______ your forearm. |
| protraction | Moving anteriorly. Sticking your chin out. |
| proximal | Closer to the trunk The hip is ________ to the knee |
| range of movement | Refers to the amount of movement at a joint, usually expressed in degrees. |
| referred pain | Pain which is felt at a point away from the actual source of the pain. For example some lower back conditions can cause pain to be referred into the groin, buttocks, legs, or other areas |
| retraction | Moving posteriorly. Pushing your shoulders back to squeeze your shoulder blades together. |
| rickets | A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. |
| rigidity | Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid, rigor. |
| Scheuermann Disease | Decreased disc space, especially anteriorly, irregular Vertebral endplates, with or without Schmorl nodes |
| Schmorl nodes | Chondrification defects where periosteal vessels penetrate cartilage plates of disc. |
| sciatica | A syndrome characterised by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and into the lower extremity along its posterior or lateral aspect and most commonly caused by prolapse of the intervertebral disk, the term is also used to refer to pain anywhere along the course of the sciatic nerve. |
| Smith's fracture | A fracture of the radius at the wrist that results in volar (palmar) angulation of the distal fracture fragment, opposite the Colles fracture. |
| spasticity | A state of hypertonicity or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. |
| sprain | Joint injury in which ligaments and other joint stabilising structures may be damaged or torn. |
| strain | Muscle injury in which fibres of the muscle are damaged or torn as a result of overstretch or over contraction. |
| subluxation | The abnormal movement of one of the bones that comprise a joint. Not a true dislocation. A partial dislocation. An example of this would be radial head subluxation in the elbow (nursemaids elbow). Severe arthritis with advanced deformation of the joint space can result in subluxation. |
| superficial | Closer to the surface The skin is ___________to muscle |
| superior | Closer to the head The heart is __________ to the stomach |
| supination | A movement of the forearm in which the palm faces posteriorly. When screwing in a screw with a screwdriver using your right hand, you have to _________ your forearm. |
| tendinitis | Inflammation of tendons and of tendon muscle attachments. |
| tendon | A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. The tearing of a tendon can result in the inability to move a joint. |
| tennis elbow | A common condition affecting the muscles and tendon of the fingers and wrist where they attach at the elbow. Can be a result of acute injury or overuse during repetitive movements or improper technique. The pathological process involves a tendinitis or tendinosis of the extensor tendons |
| terms of comparison | The terms of relationship and comparison are adjectives which help describe the relationship of the parts of the body to one another. They are used to help avoid any ambiguity which may arise when the body is not in the anatomical position. Descriptions which may be ambiguous include "above", "below", "front", "back", etc. |
| terms of movement | The terms of movement are used to describe movements of body parts, which occur at joints. |
| terms of relationship | The terms of relationship and comparison are adjectives which help describe the relationship of the parts of the body to one another. They are used to help avoid any ambiguity which may arise when the body is not in the anatomical position. Descriptions which may be ambiguous include "above", "below", "front", "back", etc. |
| thoracic spine | The 12 vertebrae which make up the upper/mid back region. Named T1 through to T12. Each thoracic vertebrae has attachments with the ribs |
| ultrasound | An electrotherapy treatment technique used by physiotherapists to treat a wide range of conditions. Uses high frequency sound waves passed through the skin to help stimulate healing, reduce inflammation and breakdown scar tissue |
