| A | B |
|---|
| Carlos I | King of Spain and also Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire |
| Felipe II | son of Carlos I; also called el Prudente |
| Juana la Loca | daughter of the Catholic King and Queen (Reyes Católicos) who inherited throne of Spain in name only |
| Isabel | The Catholic; queen of Castilla |
| Fernando | king of Aragon, after the death of Isabel he ruled until the reign of his grandson |
| la Decadencia | the reigns of Felipe III and IV and Carlos II |
| Los Reyes Católicos | secured the unity of the Iberian Peninsula |
| La Batalla de Lepanto | A Spanish victory over the Turks |
| La Batalla de San Quintín | A Spanish victory over the French |
| La Armada Invencible | A fleet that was defeated by storm and English navy |
| el Escorial | A monastery constructed to celebrate the victory of San Quintín |
| la Reforma | movement that protested the abuses of the Catholic Church and sought reform |
| la Contrareforma | movement within the Catholic Church to correct abuse and strengthen Catholicism |
| las Cortes | Spanish popular parliaments, for advising the King |
| la Inquisición española | Institution founded by Fernando and Isabel in order to unite Spain religiously |
| El Burócrata | Another name they called Felipe II |
| los moriscos | Moors who converted to Christianity to stay in Spain after the Reconquista |
| los beréberes | people on the coast of North Africa - gave their name to some pirates |
| El Consejo de Indias | Formulated all of the rules governing the Americas |
| Nueva España | name given to the territory that is modern-day Mexico |
