| A | B |
|---|
| alveoli | one of the air sacs found in the lungs |
| antibody | a blood protein produced by B cells that destroys antigens |
| antigen | a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies |
| aorta | the largest artery in the body |
| arteriole | a small artery |
| artery | a vessel that carries blood from the heart |
| artioventricular node | a group of nerves in the heart that functions in establishing the heartbeat |
| atrium | the anterior chamber of the heart |
| basal metabolic rate | the energy expended by the body when resting |
| blood clot | a structure caused by the entrapment of red blood cells in fibrin |
| bronchi | one of the two branches of the trachea that enter the lungs |
| bronchiole | a small tube that branches from the bronchi within the lungs |
| capillary | the ability of a liquid to move upward against the force of gravity by molecular attraction to a surrounding surface |
| circulatory system | the system that distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells in all parts of the body |
| coronary artery | a vessel supplying blood to the heart |
| coronary circulation | the systemic subsystem that supplies blood to the heart |
| diaphragm | a thoracic cavity muscle used in breathing |
| diastole | a phase in the heartbeat when the ventricles relax adn the blood flows in from the atria |
| erythrocyte | a red blood corpuscle |
| expiration | the process in which air is forced out of the lungs |
| external respiration | the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood |
| fibrin | the long sticky threads that function in blood clotting |
| fibrinogen | a blood protein essential for the formation of blood clots |
| heart | a muscular organ that pumps blood |
| hemoglobin | an iron-containing protein in blood |
| hepatic portal circulation | the system of blood movement through the digestive tract and liver |
| inferior vena cava | the large vein carrying blood from the lower part of the body |
| inspiration | the process of taking air into the lungs |
| internal respiration | the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of hte body |
| larynx | the voice box that houses the vocal cords |
| leukocyte | a white blood cell |
| lungs | the respiratory organ where gas exchange occurs |
| lymph | the fluid of the lymphatic system |
| lymphatic system | a series of one-way vessels that carries intercellular fluid from tissues to the bloodstream |
| pericardium | the tough saclike membrane that surrounds the heart |
| phagocyte | a white blood cell that engulfs foreign cells |
| pharynx | the open area at the back of the mouth |
| plasma | the liquid component of blood |
| platelet | a partial cell needed to form blood clots |
| pulmonary artery | the artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary circulation | the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs |
| pulmonary vein | the vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
| renal circulation | a subsystem of systemic circulation that involves the movement of blood through the kidneys |
| respiratory system | the system of organs that function to transport gases to and from the circulatory system |
| Rh factor | a type of antigen found in blood that may cause complications during some pregnancies |
| septum | a thick wall that divides the heart lengthwise |
| sinoatrial node | the nerve tissue in the right atrium that regulates the contraction rate of the heart |
| superior vena cava | the large vein carrying blood from the upper part of the body |
| systemic circulation | the movement of blood between the heart and all parts of the body except the lungs |
| systole | the phase of the heartbeat in which ventricles contract and force blood into the arteries |
| total lung capacity | the amount of gas that the lungs are able to hold |
| trachea | the tube that connects the pharynx to the lungs |
| vein | a vessel carrying blood to the heart |
| ventricle | the lower chamber or chambers of the heart |
| venule | a small vessel in the network of veins |
| vital lung capacity | the maximum amount of air a person can inhale or exhale |
| absorption | in excretion, the movement of wastes from the bloodstream to the excretory system |
| alimentary canal | the digestive tract |
| bile | a yellowish fluid secreted by the liver that functions as an emulsifier |
| bolus | a ball of thoroughly chewed and moistened food in the digestive tract |
| Bowman's capsule | a cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney that encloses the glomerulus and where absorption takes place |
| calorie | the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C |
| Calorie | one kilocalorie; the unit used to measure the amount of energy a particular food provides |
| carbohydrate | an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the hydrogen-to oxygen ratio is two to one |
| cardiac sphincter | a circular muscle located between the esophagus adn the stomach |
| cholesterol | a type of steroid; a lipid |
| chyme | the mixture formed in the stomach from digested food particles and gastric fluid |
| colon | the large intestine |
| cortex | the outermost portion of an organ |
| dehydration | the condition resulting from excessive water loss |
| digestion | breaking down food into usable molecules |
| disaccharide | a double sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| duodenum | the first section of the small intestine |
| enzyme | a protein that acts as a catalyst in intermediary metabolism |
| epiglottis | a flap of tissue that covers the trachea |
| esophagus | the tube connecting the mouth and the pharynx to the stomach |
| excretion | the process of removing metabolic wastes |
| fat | a triglyceride that is solid at room temperature |
| feces | wast materials that pass through the anus |
| filtration | the process in the kidney in which materials from the blood are forced out of the glomerulus and absorbed by teh cells of Bowman's capsule |
| gallbladder | the saclike organ connected to the liver that produces bile |
| gastric fluid | a liquid secreted by gastric glands |
| gastric pit | the open end of gastric glands through which secretions are released |
| glomerulus | a cluster of capillaries that receives blood from the renal artery and that is enclosed in Bowman's capsule |
| hard palate | the bony roof of the mouth |
| hydrolysis | the splitting of a molecule through reaction with water |
| ileum | the middle portion of the small intestine |
| jejunum | the middle section of the small intestine |
| kidney | an excretory organ in which wastes are filtered from the blood |
| lacteal | a tiny lymph vessel |
| large intestine | the organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed |
| liver | a large organ that aids digestion |
| medulla | the innermost portion of an organ |
| microvilli | one of the extensions of the membranes covering the villi |
| mineral | an inorganic substance |
| monosaccharide | a simple six-carbon sugar such as fructose or glucose |
| nephron | the functional unit of the kidney |
| nutrient | a chemical substance an organism needs to grow and function properly |
| pancreas | the organ that lies behind the stomach against the back wall of the abdominal cavity |
| peristalsis | a series of rhythmic muscular contractions |
| polysaccharide | a complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| protein | an organic compound composed of one or more chains of polypeptides, which in turn are formed from amino acids |
| pyloric sphincter | the valve that separates the stomach from the small intestine |
| reabsorption | a process in the kidney by which material return to the blood from the nephron |
| renal pelvis | the central structure of the kidney |
| renal tubule | a long tube with permeable walls in a nephron |
| saliva | a mixture of water, mucus, and a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase |
| soft palate | a soft area made of folded membranes that separates the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity |
| stomach | an organ that prepares food for absorption by both physical and chemical activity |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glyceral molecule |
| ureter | a narrow tube through which urine flows from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder |
| urethra | the tube through which urine flows from the urinary bladder out of the body |
| urinary bladder | a muscular sac that stores urine |
| urine | a liquid containing wastes that have been removed from the blood |
| villi | one of the small projections lining the small intestine |
| vitamin | a complex organic compound that serves as a cofactor for enzymes |
| esophagus | the tube connecting the mouth and the pharynx to the stomach |
| disaccharide | a double sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| polysaccharide | a complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
