| A | B |
|---|
| intracellular fluid | the fluid within the cell, which comprises approximately 70 percent of the total body water |
| extracellular fluid | all fluid outside of cell walls, which conprises approximately 30 percent of total body water |
| intravascular fluid | the liquid constituent of blood or fluid found within the vascular system |
| interstitial fluid | the fluid in which tissue cells are bathed; it includes lymph |
| ion | an atom or molecule carrying an electric charge in solution |
| cations | ions that develop a positive charge |
| anions | ions that develop a negative charge |
| solvents | liquids that hold a substance in solution |
| solutes | substance that are dissolved in a solution |
| sodium | the chief electrolyte of extracellular fluid; many chemical reactions in the body are influenced by this cation. |
| potassium | the major cation of intracellular fluid, it works with sodium reciprocally and is the chief regulaor of cellular enzyme activity and cellular water content |
| calcium | the most abundant electrolyte in the body, up to 99 percent of the total amount is found in bones and teeth in ionized form |
| magnesium | a cation found within body cells, it is the second most important cation or intracellular fluid, and is present in the heart, bone, nerve and muscle tissue |
| chloride | the chief extracellular anion found in blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph, and in very small amounts in intracellular fluid |
| bicarbonate | the major chemical base buffer within the body, found in both extracellular and intracellular fluid; it is essential for acid-bae balance |
| phosphate | the major anion in body cells, it is a buffer anion in both intracellular and extracellular fluid |
| kidneys | normally filters 179 liters of plasma daily in the adult while excreting only 1.5 liters of urine |
| cardiovascular system | responsible for pumping and carrying nutrients and water throughout the body |
| lungs | regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of the blood |
| adrenal glands | secrete aldosterone, which is known as the great sodium conserver of the body |
| pituitary gland | stores antidiuretic hormone, which is manufactured in the hypothalmus |
| thyroid gland | releases thyroxin, which increases blood flow in the body |
| parathyroid glands | secretes parathormone, which regulates the level of calcium in extracellular fluid |
| gastrointestinal tract | absorbs water and nutrients that enter the body through the intestines |
| nervous system | acts as a switchboard and inhibits and stimulates mechanisms that influence fluid balance |
| ammonia | produced in the kidneys and is a part of a mechanism to control the acid-base balance in the body |
| aldosterone | secretion from the adrenal gland that reacts by retaining sodium, and thus water in the body |
| hydration | the union of a substance with water and is often used to indiciate that there is normal water volume in the body |
| filtration | movement of fluids out of the arterioles in the interstitial spoaces |
| metabolic acidosis | a disturbance of the body acid-base balance in which there is excessive acidity of the blood. Metabolic acidosis can occur as a result of many different conditions, such as kidney failure, poisoning, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and shock. |
| respiratory acidosis | occurs when the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide (a normal by-product of metabolism) produced by the body. Because of this disturbance of the acid-base balance, body fluids become excessively acidic. |
| respiratory alkalosis | a condition of excessive alkalinity of the body fluids, most often associated with respiratory (breathing) disorders. The pH (a measure of acidity) is high and carbon dioxide levels are low. |
| metabolic alkalosis | alkalosis resulting from hydrogen-ion loss or excessive intake of alkaline substances |
| Osmosis | is the passage of solvent molecules - in biological systems this usually means water - from a weak (dilute) solution to a stronger (more concentrated) solution through a semipermeable membrane. |
| homeostatis | organism carries out some form of regulation, although it may somehow find a place to live where it can tolerate variation in the external environment. |
