| A | B |
|---|
| immunity | a set of protective responses in the living body |
| lymphocytes | WBCs formed in lymphoid tissue |
| B lymphocytes | after being converted into plasma cells,these produceantibodies |
| T lymphocytes | have a variety of subtypes w/various functions |
| humoral immunity | depends on the formation of antibodies by B lymphocytes |
| antibody | a complex protein that reacts w/a specific foreign material ororganism |
| Antibodies are part of the __ fraction of plasma. | globulin |
| IgG | the largest group of antibodies |
| IgA | these Ab's protect surfaces and membranes |
| IgM | these Ab's are formed early in the immune response |
| IgD | these Ab's are chemically bound to lymphocytes |
| IgD serve as the lymphocytes' link or attachment to __ | antigens |
| IgE | these Ab's r concerned in allergic & hypersensitivity reactions |
| IgE are also concerned in protection against __ | parasites |
| cell-mediated immunity | depends on a direct attack by cytotoxic or killer T lymphocytes on foreign cells |
| killer T lymphocytes | recognize foreign cells and react specifically to them |
| killer T lymphocytes work without the involvement of __. | antibodies |
| phagocytes | engulf and destroy foreign cells |
| chemical mediators | histamine, prostoglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines |
| chemical mediators trigger/modulate various features of the __ response. | immune |
| vaccine | a material administered to stimulate immunity |
| live vaccine | contains living pathogenic organisms that have been attenuated |
| attenuated | weakened chemically or otherwise, so as to be unable to causedisease |
| killed vaccine | contains only nonliving pathogens,& sometimes only part of their protein structure |
| toxoid | a preparation of a weakened toxin that causes formation of antitoxin |
| antitoxin | antibody to a toxin |
| active immunization | use of Ab's to elicit an active immune response |
| passive immunization | use of Ab's that have been formed by an immune system other than that of the recipient |
| immunodeficiency | impairment of any part/function of the immune system that leaves one vulnerable to infectious diseases |
| opportunistic infections | those w/intact immune systems r virtually invulnerable to these |
| congenital disorders of immunity | virtually all due to inherited defects in immune system function |
| acquired disorders of immunity | immunity disrs that r not congenital |
| agammaglobulinemia | inability to form Ab's, due to inherited B lymphocyte dysfunction |
| Chédiak-Higashi disease | reduction in the number of circulating neutrophils |
| DiGeorge syndrome | inherited T lymphocyte dysfunction |
| synonym of DiGeorge syndrome | thymic hypoplasia |
| Job syndrome | a disr of neutrophil function, with eosinophilia &increased IgE |
| SCID stands for | severe combined immunodeficiency disease |
| SCID | failure of both B & T lymphocyte function,w/ heightened risk of certain infections |
| Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome | combined B & T lymphocyte dysfunction complicated by thrombocytopenia & eczema |
| acquired immunodeficiency | can result from malignancies affecting the immune system, etc. |
| AIDS stands for | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| AIDS is caused by this virus | HIV |
| HIV stands for | human immunodeficiency virus |
| AIDS | a uniformly lethal impairment of T lymphocyte function caused by avirus |
| In AIDS, the ___ lymphocyte count is low | absolute |
| In AIDS, this count is below 800 uL | CD4+ (T4, helper T) |
| This antiviral drug limits damage to T4 lymphocytes by HIV | Zidovudine |
| PCP stands for | Pneumocystis carinii |
| PCP is the most common & most frequently __ __ __ in AIDS | fatal opportunistic infection |
| Drugs to prevent PCP are | pentamidine, atovaquone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
| Zidovudine is administered when the T4 count falls below ___ | 500 |
| Drugs that preven PCP are administered when the T4 count falls below ___ | 200 |
| bacillary angiomatosis | formation of vascular tumors in the skin,bone,liver,other tissues |
| These drugs provide a measure of control in bacillary angiomatosis | erythromycin, doxycycline, and other antibiotics |
| candidosis | a superficial fungal infection |
| candidosis is due to | Candida albicans and related species |
| In AIDS, Candida often extends into | the esophagus, intestine |
| Superficial Candida infections are treated with | clotrimazole,miconazole,nystatin,other topical antifungals |
| __ & __ are used in systemic Candida infection | amphotericin B, ketoconazole |
| CMV stands for | cytomegalovirus inf |
| synonym of CMV | cytomegalic inclusion dis |
| In AIDS, CMV causes this respiratory disease | pneumonia |
| In AIDS, CMV causes this gastrointestinal disease | ulcerative enterocolitis w/ bloody diarrhea |
| In AIDS, CMV causes this eye disease | retinitis leading to blindness |
| In AIDS, CMV causes this nervous system disease | ascending polyradiculopathy |
| Treatment w/ __ or __ slows progression of disease, particularly retiinitis | ganciclovir, foscarnet |
| herpes simplex | the familiar cold-sore and genital herpes |
| In AIDS, herpes simplex can present these skin problems | extensive & chronic ulceration of skin/mucous membrane |
| herpes simplex can also cause these problems | bronchitis, pneumonia, or a systemic infection |
| These drugs provide some effect against herpes simplex | acyclovir, foscarnet |
| histoplasmosis | infection w/ Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Histoplasmus capsulatum causes _ in persons w/ intact immunity | mild/subclinical respiratory infection |
| In AIDS, Histoplasma is sometimes associated with | severe pulmonary disease & respiratory failure |
| In AIDS, Histoplasma may also be disseminated throughout the ___ | body |
| These drugs are used to treat histoplasmosis | amphotericin B, itraconazole |
| Kaposi sarcoma | a malignant tumor,formed of cutaneous/mucosal blood vessels |
| Kaposi sarcoma | appears as 1 or several pink or purple plaques or nodules |
| the cause of Kaposi sarcoma is | is probably a virus/other pathogen that is normally suppressed by the immune system |
| Kaposi sarcoma occurs in about __ of all AIDS patients | 1/3 |
| Tumors of Kaposi sarcoma may spread to these systems and the __ | respiratory, digestive, abdominal viscera |
| This drug may provide some control of Kaposi sarcoma | interferon alfa |
| oral hairy leukoplakia | a shaggy whitish plaque/abnormal oral mucosa |
| In AIDS, oral hairy leukoplakia is induced by this | Epstein-Barr virus (the cause of infectious mononucleosis) |
| In about 5% of cases of oral hairy leukoplakia, it progresses to | oralcancer |
| __ may suppress oral hairy leukoplakia satisfactorily | antiviral drugs |
| definition of PCP | an infection of lungs due to a protozoan parasite |
| PCP generally infects about __ of all AIDS patients | 3/4 |
| For PCP, there may/may not be specific findings on X ray | may not be |
| drug treatment for PCP | steroids,atovaquone,pentamidine,primaquine,trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
| Sx's of PCP | fever,cough,progressive respiratory failure |
| toxoplasmosis | inf w/ the intracellular parasite Toxoplasmagondii |
| toxaplasmosis causes en__itis | cephal |
| toxaplasmosis causes pn____ | eumonitis |
| toxaplasmosis causes my____ | ocarditis |
| toxaplasmosis causes dis____ ____ | seminated inf |
| Treatment of toxaplasmosis is w/ | clindamycin, pyrimethamine,sulfadiazine,& other agents |
| tuberculosis is a pulmonary infection due to ___ &, more commonly, ___ | Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, MAC |
| MAC stands for | the M. avium complex |
| multidrug regimens for tuberculosis include | isoniazid, rifampin,ethambutol,&other antibiotics/chemotherapy agents |
| varicella-zoster | the virus that causes chickenpox |
| Synonym of chickenpox | varicella |
| varicella-zoster and herpes zoster can produce | a severe and protracted form of zoster in AIDS patients |
| Treatment for AIDS-related zoster is w/ | acyclovir, famciclovir,foscarnet,valacyclovir |
| allergy (105) | includes a broad range of local & system reactions to foreign materials |
| In all true allergy, prior exposure & sensitization | must have occured b4 the allergen elicits a reaction |
| In all true allergy,exposure&sensitization must occur b4/after the allergen elicits a reactn(107) | b4 |
| synonym of IgE-mediated hypersensitive reactions(108) | immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
| Rhinitis is an example of an ___ reaction(109) | IgE mediated |
| examples of allergic rhinitis(110) | hay fever, nasal allergies to cats |
| a__ d__ is another example of an IgE mediated reaction | topcic ermatitis |
| Sx of atopic dermatitis | intensely itchy rashes |
| synonym of urticaria(113) | hives |
| anaphylaxis a life-threatening syndrome of | urticaria, swelling of respiratory mucosa,&shock |
| Sx's of serum sickness | fever, urticaria, joint pains, swollen lymph nodes |
| synonym of T-cell mediated hypersensitivity | delayed hypersensitivity |
| In T-cell mediated hypersensitivity, | a latent period of 48-72 hrs elapses b/n exposure & onset of Sx's |
| In T-cell mediated hypersensitivity,a latent period of __ elapses b/n exposure&onset of Sx's(118) | 48-72 hrs |
| examples of T-cell mediated hypersensitivity r(119) | allergic contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, |
| an example of allergic contact dermatiitis(120) | poison ivy rash |
| In an allergic reaction, the ___ count may be elevated | eosinophil |
| skin testing/challenge with certain foods may confirm | specific causal agents of allergic reactions |
| RAST stands for | Radioallergosorbent testing |
| RAST can, in an allergic reaction, | identify specific antibody in serum |
| ___ ___ are used in severe allergy | adrenocortical steroids |
| These symphathomimetic drugs can block some of the local/general affects of histamine | epinephrine, albuterol |
| Immunotherapy consisting of periodic injections of known allergens in increasing doses provides | an apparent desensitization in some patients |
| autoimmunity results when | the body's immune system forms antibodies against some component of itself |
| Formation of antibodies against self can come thru | failure of suppressor T cells to regulate the immune process |
| Formation of antibodies against self can come thru | failure of the immune system to recognize some component of the body as self |
| Formation of antibodies against self can come thru | formation of antibody to an infecting organism that happens to have similar protein composition to some body tissue |
| Formation of antibodies against self can come thru disr's of lymphocytescausing them to form normal antibodies that happen ___. | to attack body tissues |
| Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases runs in | families |
| Persons who have 1 autoimmune disorder | tend to have others |
| Formation of antibodies against self can come thru disr's of lymphocytescausing them to form normal antibodies | that happen to attack body tissues |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | A chronic systemic dis causing inflammatory changesin many tissues, particularly joint membranes |
| About __% of the population are affected by rheumatoid arthritis | 1-2 |
| RA stands for | rheumatoid arthritis |
| Rheumatoid arthritis is _ times more common in women | 3 |
| Onset of rheumatoid arthritis is typically between _ and _ | 20,40 |
| In rheumatoid arthritis, the ___ ___ rate is elevated | erythrocyte sedimentation |
| Testing for rheumatoid arthritis factor is positive in about __% of patients w/ rheumatoid arthritis | 75 |
| Testing for antinuclear antibody is positive in about __ percent of patients w/ rheumatoid arthritis | 20 |
| About _ of RA patients have subcutaneous nodules over bony prominences on extremities | 20 |
| In rheumatoid arthritis, platelets may be increased/decreased | increased |
| In rheumatoid arthritis, Serum proteins may detect | an increase in immune globulin |
| X-rays are _ early in rheumatoid arthritis | normal |
| In rheumatoid arthritis, X-rays eventually show osteoporosis ___ | of bone near affected joints,erosion of joint surfaces,narrowing of joint spaces |
| In as many as _ of all RA patients, symptoms remit largely within _years | 1/2, 2 |
| Patients in whom Sx's of rheumatoid arthritis continue may have | intermittent/persistent pain & stiffness, w/increasing deformity & fusion of affected joints |
| Extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis include | pericarditis,pleurisy w/effusion,lymphadenopathy,splenomegaly,vasculitis,dry mouth&eyes(Sjogren syndr) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis can cause this nerve problem | peripheral nerve entrapment problems such as carpal tunnel syndr |
| The standard treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is w/ | aspirin (ASA) |
| These drugs may be used in refractory rheumatoid arthritis | methotrexate,antimalarials,gold salts,adrenal corticosteroids |
| In rheumatoid arthritis it is important in maintaining mobility thru | physical therapy |
| lupus erythematosus | a chronic inflammatory disr of connective tissue due to formation of antibody to nucleoprotein |
| The cause of lupus erythematosus | is unknown |
| In lupus erythematosus, _% of patients are young women | 90 |
| In lupus erythematosus,_ & _ r found in the serum | antinuclear antibody,anti-DNA antibody |
| In lupus erythematosus, the __ is elevated,__ are decreased | erythrocyte sedimentation rate,lymphocytes |
| In lupus erythematosus, _ for _ may be falsely positive | serologic tests,syphilis |
| In lupus erythematosus,_ may show_ | proteinuria,red blood cells,casts |
| lupus erythematosus is chronic & _ w/ spontaneous _ & _ | relapsing,remissions, exacerbations |
| In lupus erythematosus, with treatment, the 10-year survival rate is | about 95% |
| In lupus erythematosus, death is usually due to | renal failure |
| In lupus erythematosus, _ & _ may suffice to control symptoms | NDAIDS,general supportive measures |
| _ and _ drugs are useful in more severe cases of lupus erythematosus | anti-malarial drugs, adrenal corticosteroids |
| discoid lupus | a variant of systemic lupus erythematosus in which ABNLs r confined to the skin |
| discoid lupus occurs almost exclusively in _ women | young |
| In discoid lupus, round _ papules with plugging of _ _ ducts occur on the_ , _, _, & _ | erythematous, oil gland,cheeks, nose, ears, other cutaneous surfaces |
| In discoid lupus, involvement of _ _& _ may occur, sometimes leading to_. | mucous membranes, scalp, alopecia |
| About _ _ of patients w/discoid lupus r found to have _ _ _; in the rest,disease is limited to skin eruptions | 10%, systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Treatment of discoid lupus is avoidance of _, use of _, &, when necessary,_ _ & _ _. | sunlight, sunscreens, topical steroids, oral antimalarials |
| Sjogren syndrome | An autoimmune disorder of certain exocrine glands,causing dryness of mouth & eyes |
| In Sjogren syndrome, nearly all patients are _ women | middle-aged |
| In Sjogren syndrome, dysfunction of _ _ causes _ & _ of the _ | lacrimal glands,dryness, burning, eyes |
| In Sjogren syndrome, abnormality of _ _ leads to swelling of the _, dry mouth, dysphagia, and _ _. | salivary glands, glands,dental caries |
| In Sjogren syndrome, other gland impairment may affect the skin, the _,the_ _ _, & the _. | pancreas, lower respiratory tract, vagina |
| Sjogren syndrome frequently occurs in association w/ other _ _. | autoimmune diseases |
| In Sjogren syndrome, many patients eventually develop _ or _. | renal disease, lymphoma |
| Treatment of Sjogren syndrome is _, w/ _ _, strict _ _, & attention to _ & _ of associated _. | supportive,artificial tears,oral hygiene,diagnosis,treatment,disorders |
| acute rheumatic fever | an autoimmune disorder affecting theheart,joints,skin |
| cause of acute rheumatic fever | antibody formed to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci attacks certain bodily tissues |
| In acute rheumatic fever, beta-hemolytic streptocci attack during | streptococcal pharyngitis |
| Rheumatic fever follows streptococcal infection after an interval of _ weeks | 2-4 |
| Rheumatic fever occurs almost exclusively in _ & children | adolescents |
| The incidence of rheumatic fever is higher in _, _ weather & in children from _. | cold, damp,lower socioeconomic levels |
| Susceptibility to rheumatic fever seems to | run in families |
| Diagnostic tests for acute rheumatic fever find | neutrophilia,mild anemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| In acute rheumatic fever, the serum contains_ during the acute phase | C-reactive protein |
| In acute rheumatic fever,eventually the _ titer rises | antistreptolysin O(ASO) |
| In acute rheumatic fever, chest x-ray may show | cardiomegaly, pericardial effusion,/signs of cardiac failure |
| Most of the manifestations of acute rheumatic fever | resolve spontaneously. |
| However,various forms of carditis can lead to | severe heart damage. |
| About 20% of persons with acute rheumatic fever will have a recurrence w/in _ years | 5 |
| alopecia | local/widespread loss of scalp hair |
| cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart |
| extra-articular | affecting/pertaining to structures other than joints |
| dementia | deteriorating of mental function |
| discoid | consisting of small flat plaques |
| effusion | an abnormal accumulation of fluid in a body cavity |
| enterocolitis | inflammation of both small & large intestines |
| erythematous | having an abnormal red color |
| hypotension | abnormally low blood pressure |
| lymphadenopathy | disease of lymph nodes,manifested byswelling,tenderness,/both |
| macular | consisting of flat,abnormally colored spots(macules) on the skin |
| malar | pertaining to/situated on the cheeksnephritis inflammation of the kidney |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| pericardium | the membranous sac surrounding the heart |
| synonym of pleurisy | pleuritis |
| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura |
| purpura | eruption of purple spots on skin due to local hemorrhages |
| purulent | pertaining to the formation of pusretinitis inflammation of the retina |
| retina | the light-sensitive membrane at the back of eyeball |
| rhinitis | inflammation of nasal mucous membranes |
| rhinitis is usually accompanied by | nasal obstruction,excessive secretions,sneezing |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| vasculitis | inflammation of blood vessels |
| wheal | a rapidly appearing&disappearing zone of circumscribed swelling in theskin |
| Wheals are usually | white with a red halo |
| Wheals are due to various types of | allergic reaction |
| Wheals are the characteristic lesions of _ | hives |
| chorea is a clinical disorder manifested by | recurring sudden,intricate,well-coordinated but involuntary movements |
| The recurring sudden,intricate,well-coordinated but involuntary movements of chorea may affect | gait,use of arms&hands,speech |
| Huntington chorea is inherited as an _ _ trait | autosomal dominant |
| Onset of Huntington chorea usually occurs in the _ or _ | 30s,40s |
| In Huntington chorea, death due to _ _ _ & _ follows in about _ years | progressive neuromuscular dysfunction, dementia, 15 |
| Sydenham chorea | the type of chorea that occurs in acute rheumatic fever |
| In Sydenham chorea,patients display_ _ of the _ & _, and often _ _ _ | involuntary movements,trunk,extremities,mild personality changes |
| abrupt,jerky,complex | involuntary movements of the trunk & extremities |
| Sydenham chorea is often _, resolving without any _ . | self-limited,neurologic,psychologic,/muscular sequelae |
