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| What function does skin serve in the body? | Protection, temperature regulation, synthesis of important chemicals and hormones, excretion of water and salts, substances absorped through the skin, as sensory receptors in the skin |
| What is melanin? | a pigment that screens potentially harmful ultraviolet light. It also gives skin its color. |
| What is keratin? | It waterproofs the skin |
| How does the skin help to maintain homeostasis? | Blood vessles in the dermis dialate and the person sweats if temperature is too warm and the sweat evaporates off the skin and cools the body. If it is too cold, the blood vessels contrict and sweat secretion decreases. The body shivers and causes heat. |
| Another name for the skin system is ____________. | Integumentary system or cutaneous membrane |
| What are the two main layers of the skin? | epidermis and dermis |
| What hold the dermis and the epidermis together? | The dermal-epidermal junction |
| What layer lies beneath the dermis? | Hypodermis |
| What is the hypodermis? | The layer below the dermis that is rich in fat |
| What is another name for the hypodermis? | Subcutaneous layer |
| Where is the thickest layer of the epidermis? | Palms of the hands and bottoms of the feet. |
| What do keratinocytes do? | Produce keratin |
| What do melanocytes do? | Give skin their color |
| What do langerhans do? | Play a role in the defense mechanism against skin infections. |
| The epidermis is made up of five layers. What is the top layer called? | The stratum coneum or horny layer |
| What is keratinization? | The process where cells are formed in the low layers of the epidermis and are moved to the top in a process called keratinization. |
| When the epidermis becomes too thick, it is called ______. | Hyperkeratosis |
| When cells divide too fast and cause dandruff, it is called ______. | Psoriasis |
| What is xerosis? | dry skin |
| What is transdermal medication? | Medication that is applied through a patch on the skin. There is a large amount of the medication in the patch and it is transmitted through the skin slowly over time. |
| What kinds of medication can be given transdermally? | nicotine patches, medication to prevent motion sickness, nitroglycerin |
| How can the turnover rate for regeneration of the skin be increased? | By the abrasion of the skin surface. It stimulates mitotic activity |
| This is sometimes called the true skin. | Dermis |
| The dermis acts as a storage area for what? | Water and important electrolytes |
| What is contained in the dermis layer? | hair follicles, muscle fibers, sweat and sebacceous glands, as well as many blood vessels. |
| What are the two layers of the dermis? | papillary layer and reticular layer. |
| What does the papillary layer do? | This layer has the bumps that create our fingerprints. |
| Why do humans need fingerprints? | It allows us to grip onto surfaces also can be used in identification |
| What is contained in the reticular layer? | Many skeletal and smooth muscle fibers that allow for facial expressions. Also has nerve endings to allow the skin to sense pain, pressure, touch, and temperature. |
| Does the dermis continually shed and regenerate itself? | no |
| If the elastic fibers in the dermis are stretched too much as in rapid increase in the size of the abdoment during pregnancy or during other periods of rapid growth, these occur. | Stretch marks |
| The basic determinant of skin color is the quanitity of __________ deposited in the skin. | Melanin |
| What conditions can modify the effects of melanin? | The sun can increase the activity, increase of some hormones darkens the skin, |
| When the skin is not getting enough oxygen and turns blue, it is called _________. | cyanosis |
| The small tube that hair grows in is called the _____. | follicle |
| As long as the _________ remains in tact hair will continue to grow even when it is cut and plucked. | germinal matrix |
| What part of the hair lies below the follicle? | the root |
| The visible portion of the hair is called the _________. | shaft |
| What determines if hair is straight or wavy? | Straight hair has a round shaft and Wavy hair has a round shaft. |
| What keeps hair from getting too dry and brittle? | Sebacceous glands |
| What two factors must be present for baldness? | Genes for baldness and testosterone |
| Does shaving stimulate hair growth? | no |
| The part of the nail that you can see is called the ____. | Nail |
| What hides the root? | Cuticle |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccrine and Appocrine |
| Where are eccrine glands located? | They are small and all over the body. |
| Where are apocrine glands located? | Under the armpit and in the groin area |
| What do sebbaceous glands do? | They secrete oil for hair and skin |
| The oil produced by sebacceous glands is called ________. | Sebum |
| What function does sebum serve? | Serves as natures own protective skin cream to keep hair and skin soft. Also has antifungal effect to reduce fungal activity |
| What does ceruminous glands do? | protects the skin of the ear canal from dehydration |
| What is surface film? | it is the mixing of the residue and secretions from sweat and sebacceous glands. |
| What is the function of surface film? | Antibacterial and antifungal, lubrication, hydration, buffering of caustic irritants, blockade of toxic agents. |
| Is surface film the same all over the body? | No this is why some parts of the body are more susceptible to attack by certain bacteria or fungus |
| The transfer of body heat to any substance actually incontact with the body. | Conduction |
| Is the transfer of heat away from a surface by movement of heated air or fluid particles. | Convection |
| What are the four types of burns? | thermal energy, sunburn, electric current, and corrosive chemicals |
| Treatment and prognosis for recovery of a burn depends on which two things? | total area involved and severity of the burn |
| Severity of the burn in determined by what two things. | Depth of the lesion and the percent of the body surface area burned. |
| What is the rule of palm? | Palm size of victim is about one percent of surface area. |
| What is the rule of nines? | Body is divided into 11 areas of 9% |
| What is a first degree burn? | Typical sunburn, minor discomfort and some reddening of the skin, no blistering occurs and actual tissue destruction is minimal |
| What is a second degree burn? | Involves deep epidermal layers, always causes damage to upper layers of dermis, damage seat glands, hair follicles, and sebacceous gland, blisters, severe pain, swelling and edema. Scarring is common |
| What is a third degree burn? | Destroys both the dermis and the epidermis, may involve underlying muscles and bone, is insensitive to pain immediately after injury because of the destruction of nerve endings, scarring is a serious problem |
| How many burns increase your risk of cancer? | Two blistering sunburns before the age of 20 puts you at greater risk |
| Any disorder of the skin is called _________ | Dermatosis |
| A disorder where there is inflammation of the skin. | Dermititis |
| What is impetigo? | A bacteria infection caused by a strep or staph infection, it starts as a reddish discoloration, but soon develops into blisters and yellowish crust. Occasionally the infection becomes body-wide and life-threatening. |
| What is tinea? | A general name for many different fungal infections |
| What are two types of tinea? | ringworm and athletes foot. |
| How can you avoid skin fungus infections? | Keeping skin dry |
| What causes warts? | a virus |
| Pressure sores are also called __________. | Decubitus ulcers or bedsores |
| What are hives? | An allergic reaction and is blood leaking from the skin's blood vessels |
| This is an immune disease that causes the skin to harden to the point they can't move their mouth. | Scleroderma |
| This is an inflammatory disorder that is characterized by inflammation with bumps and blisters and crusts. It is also called contact dermatitis. | Eczema |
| Poison Ivy is an example of what type of skin disorder. | Contact dermatitis or eczema |
| A state of unusually high temperature is called a _____. | Fever |
| What are pyrogens? | Chemicals made by the body that causes the thermastatic control center to reset to a higher setting. |
| Which is more serious, heat stroke or heat exhaustion? | Heat stroke |
| The inability to maintain a normal body temperature in a cold environment is called __________. | Hypothermia |
| Local damage to tissues caused by extremely low temperatures is called __________. | Frostbite |
| What are some effects of aging on the skin? | Epidermis thins, the number of langerhans cells decreaes and further encourages skin damage and infections, fewer melanocytes causes pale skin and reduced tolerance for skin exposure, fewer active follicles causes thinner sparse hair, reduction in sebaceo |
| What are the three functions of the body membranes? | cover body surfaces, line body cavitities, form protective sheets around organs. |
| What are the two types of body membranes? | epithelial and connective tissue membranes |
| What are the three types of epithelial membranes? | cutaneous membrane, mucous membranes, and serous membranes |
| What is the main type of connective tissue membrane? | synovial membranes |
| This is a dry membrane that is composed of keritinized stratified sauamous epithelium | the skin or cutaneous membrane |
| This type of tissue lines all body cavitities that open to the exterior | mucous membranes |
| This lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body | serous membranes |
| Serous membranes occur in pairs. What are their two names? | visceral and parietal layers |
| Which type of serous membranes lines the body cavity? | parietal |
| Which type of serous membrane lines the organ? | visceral |
| This type of fluid can be found between the parietal and visceral layers and helps to prevent friction. | serous fluid |
| This serous membrane lines the abdominal cavity. | peritoneum |
| This serous membrane is around the lungs. | pleural membrane |
| This serous membrane is around the heart? | pericardium |
| This is the name of the system that includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands | integumentary |
| What type of cells make up the epidermis? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| What makes up the dermis? | dense connective tissues |
| Term that means there is no blood. | avascular |
| Is the epidermis vascular or avascular? | avascular |
| What are the most important cells in the epidermis? | Keritinocytes, they make up over 90% of epidermal cells |
| This is the innermost layer of the epidermis. | Stratum Basale |
| What is another name for the Stratum Basale? | stratum germinativum |
| What important function does the stratum basale serve? | cells are undergoing mitosis and new skin cells are made. melanin is also produced here |
| In which layer does the process of keritinization take place? | stratum granulosum |
| This layer occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms and hands of soles of the feet. | Stratum lucidum |
| At which level of the skin do cells start to deteriorate? | stratum granulosum |
| This is the outermost layer of the epidermis | stratum corneum |
| In this disorder, there is a lack of melanine | albinism |
| This is found in carrots and green leafy vegetables and gives skin an orange-yellow pigment | carotene |
| These oxygen carrying cells give skin a red color. | hemoglobin |
| This is the term for the yellow cast that occurs in skin when the liver is unable to break down bilirubin and it accumulates in the skin. | jaundice |
| This is the term for sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in tissue spaces. | bruises |
| This is the term for a sebaceous gland that has become clogged with sebum and the sebum has oxidized. | blackhead |
| term for infection of sebaceous gland accompanied by pimples on the skin | acne |
| term for fast flowing sebum and is also known as cradle cap | seborrhea |
| This is another term for sweat glands. | sudoriferous glands |
| These are smooth muscles that pull hairs upright when you are cold or frightened. | Arrector pili muscle |
| inflammation of a hair follicle is called a _________. | boil |
| Which virus causes cold sores? | herpes simplex virus |
| Also called urticaria, it is usually caused by an allergic reaction. | hives |
| congenital blemish on the skin that is visible at birth or soon after birth. | birthmark |
| This is a slow-growing type of cancer and is the most common type. | Basal cell carcinoma |
| This is the most deadly type of cancer. | malignant melanoma |
| downy type hair that covers a fetus | lanugo |
| cheesy looking substance that protects a baby's skin while it is in the amniotic fluid. | vernix caseosa |
