| A | B |
|---|
| immunity | Process of the immune system in which it fights infection through production of cells that inactivate (stop) foreign substances or cells. |
| "first line of defense" | the skin; it acts as a barrier against infection. If the skin is broken, then there's a problem, as pathogens can enter your body. |
| lysozyme | an enzme that breaks down the cell walls of many bacteria; it's in mucus, saliva, and tears. |
| What creates the acidic environment in your skin? | Oil and sweat glands produce the acidic environment that kills many bacteria. |
| function of nasal cilia | They help push pathogens away from the lungs. |
| inflammatory response | A nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection (1037). |
| function of phagocytes | Some white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria. |
| What is a fever? | Chemicals released by the immune system can increase body temperature, which slows down or stops growth of some pathogens that survive only in a narrow temperature range. The heart rate increases, letting white blood cells get the infection sites faster. |
| interferons | Proteins that help resist viral infection; they help block viral replication, slowing down the progress of infection and gives the specific defenses of the immune system time to respond. |
| immune response | A series of specific defenses that attack a particular disease-causing agent (1038). |
| antigen | A substance that triggers the immune response. |
| B cells | B lymphocytes provide immunity against antigns and pathogens in body fluids (called humoral immunity). |
| T cells | They provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells; it's called cell-mediated immunity. |
| function of plasma cells | They release antibodies. |
| antibodies | Released by plasma cells; proteins the recognize & bind to antigens that attack the pathogens causing the infection. |
| humoral immunity | See diagram on 1039. |
| cell-mediated immunity | See diagram on 1040. It's immunity in whcih killder T cells destroy infected cells. |
| How are humoral immunity & cell-mediated immunity similar? | They're both specific defenses. |
| How are humoral immunity & cell-mediated immunity different? | Humoral immunity: B cells produce antibodies against the pathogen. Cell-mediated immunity: killer T cells attack infected cells. |
| problems with transplants | The body recognizes a transplant as being foreign and attack it; your immune system damages & destroys the transplanted organ (rejection). To stop this, the transplant must have cell markers nearly identical to the cell markers of the recipient. The recipient takes drugs to suppress cell-mediated immune responses (for the rest of their life!). |
| Edward Jenner | Discovered a way to give people immunity against smallpox. (1041) |
| Jamie Phipps | The boy on whom Jenner experimented. |
| vaccination | It's the injection of a weakened or mail form of a pathogen to produce immunity. Today more than 20 serious diseases can be prevented by vaccination by getting the immune system to create millions of plasma cells ready to produce specific kinds of antibodies. |
| active immunity | It's the type of immunity produced by the body's reaction to a vaccine. It comes after exposure to an antigen, as the result of the immune response. The body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen. |
| passive immunity | Antibodies produced by other animals against a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream; the immunity provided lasts only a short time because the body eventually destroys the foreign antibodies. |
| natural immunity | One kind is immunity transferred from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy or through breast milk. |
| example of passive immunity | Travelers getting antibodies adminsitered to fight specific infections or to prevent diseases. |
