| A | B |
|---|
| What is myography? | muscle graphing |
| The amount of stimulus needed to make a muscle contract | Threshold stimulus |
| Name the three parts of a simple twitch | latent period, contraction, relaxation |
| During which phase does the calcium go back to the SR | relaxation |
| When does the SR release calcium? | latent phase |
| During which phase are the z lines drawn in? | Contraction |
| When do the z lines go back to their original length? | relaxation |
| When do cross bridges break? | during relaxation |
| Whgen does the impulse travel into the t-tubules? | During the latent period |
| Do twitch contractions occur naturally in the body? | no, produced to help us understand other muscle contractions |
| This graph looks like a gradual, steplike increase in the strength of a contraction. | Steppe or staircase |
| What principle is behind the idea of athletes warming up | staircase- a muscle contracts more forcefully after it has contracted a few times |
| Why does the staircase effect happen? | We are not sure, but it may have something to do with a rise in temperature, muscle stays partially contracted and the CA does not go back to the SR in between contractions. |
| When a muscle can not respond to a stimulus it is called _________. | Muscle fatigue |
| What causes physiological fatigue? | lack of ATP, lactic acid builds up, or build up of waste products. |
| Wht is the difference between physiological and psychological fatigue? | Physiological your muscles can't contract, psychologically your feel your muscles are tired. |
| This is when stimulus come in rapid succession and the muscle doesn't have time to relax. | tetanus |
| What does tatany usually follow? | summation |
| A continual muscle contraction is called _____. | tetany |
| Muscles with less than normal muscle tone are called _____. | flaccid |
| Muscles with more than normal muscle tone are called __. | spastic |
| Most body movements are a mixture of what two types of muscle contractions? | isotonic and isometric |
| Do skeletal muscle organs follow the all or none principle? | no |
| If many fibers of a muscle organ can't maintain a high level of ATP and become farigued, what happens to the strength of the entire muscle? | it becomes weaker |
| The more fibers that are contracting is the strength of the contraction weaker or stronger? | stronger |
| Describe the increase in muscle strength that occus after the threshold stimulus. | The strength continues to increase until the maximum level of contraction is met |
| How is the strength of a muscle contraction related to the length of its fibers? | too short- can't develop tension because it is already compressed, overstretched and it can't develop tension either. |
| The heavier the load, the stronger or the weaker, the contraction. | the stronger |
| This theory explains the various reasons and situations that detwermine how strong or weak a muscle contraction will be. | gradd strength principle |
| When a muscle shrinks in mass it is called ______. | atrophy |
| When muscle increases in size, it is called _____. | hypertrophy |
| Can a muscle increase in size due to aerobic training? | not usually- need weight training |
| Abnormal uncoordinated tetanic contractions are called ______. | Convulsions |
| When individual muscle fibers contract asynchronously rather than one at a time. | Fibrillation |
| Where does fibrillation usually occur? | the heart |
| Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involutary? | involuntary |
| Where is cardiac muscle found? | the heart |
| Does cardiac muscle have t-tubules and SR? | yes |
| Does tetany occur int he heart? | no |
| Does the heart experience fatigue and run low on ATP? | no |
| What causes the heart to pump and keep a regular beat? | pacemaker |
| Does smooth muscle have more than one nucleus? | no |
| Does smooth muscle have an organized system of t-tubules and SR | no |
| Does smooth muscle need a stimulus to contract? | no |
| Is smooth muscle striated or nonstriated? | nonstriated |
| Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary |
| Where is smooth muscle found? | in the walls of hollow organs- blood vessels, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts. |
| Does smooth muscle need a stimulus to contract? | no |
| Muscle disorders are called _____. | myopathies |
| Any muscle inflammation is called _____. | muscle myositis |
| What three things are known to cause muscle infections? | virus, bacteria, and parasites. |
| It is a viral infection when the nerves that control the muscles are damaged. | poliomyelitis |
| Is polio common in the U.S. today? | no |
| Why do some parents not immunize against polio? | it is a live virus and can actually cause the disease, now they also have a dead virus version, but it is not as effective as the live virus. |
| What about polio can be life-threatening? | it can paralize the respiratory system. |
| When the immune system attacks the muscle at the neuromuscular juntion so that the muscle cell can not be stimulated. | Myasthenia Gravis |
| What is a hernia? | When an abdominal organ protrudes through the abdominal wall. |
| Which organ is usually involved in a hernia? | intestine |
| What is the difference between a reducible hernia and a stangulated hernia? | reducible can be put back in place through manipuation or surgury. In a strangulated hernia, blood flow to the intestine is stopped and emergency surgury is needed. |
| This is a group of genetic disorders characaterized by the wasting away of muscle tissue. | Muscular dystrophy |
| ONe of the most common and best understood of the muscular dystrophies. | Duchenne's |
| In duchenne's MD the muscle is replaced with _________ | fat or fibrous tissue |
| This type of MD is usually fatal around the age of 20 | Duchenne's |
| Duchenne's MD occurs mainly in girls or boys? | boys |
| Why does Duchenne's MD usually occur more in boys? | It is carried on the x chromosome and it may not show up in girls if their other x chromosome is normal. It kind of ovverides the bad X. Boys do not have another X to overide the bad one. |
| Name the three energy sytems of the body. | ATP-CP, anerobic glycolosis, and aerobic metabolism |
| This is the short-term back-up for ATP | CP |
| The other name for the anerobic system is the _____ system. | Lactic Acid |
| Sugar in the blood is called ______. | glucose |
| Sugar stored in the liver is called _____. | glycogen |
| This means without oxygen. | anerobic |
| What determines if the body stays in the anerobic or the aerobic system? | the amount of oxygen |
| Can you teach your body to handle more Lactic Acid? | yes- through training |
| How long does it take to get into the aerobic system? | at least three minutes |
| What cycle in the aerobic system turn the pyruvic acid to ATP? | Kreb's cycle |
| Point during exercise when you go from the aerobic to the anerobic system is called _____. | anerobic threshold |
| Why is it important for an elite athlete to know their anerobic threshold? | so they can run the fastest race physiologically possible. It is also important to determine the intensity of training for optimal improvement of the oxygen system and therefore endurance performance |
| In which system, aerobic or anerobic, do you produce the most ATP for every glucose? | aerobic- 32 anerobic-4 |
| The amount of oxygen nedded to convert lactic acid back to glucose. | oxygen debt |
| What happens if you don't get rid of all of the Lactic acid? | muscle fatigue and soreness |
| Name two ways to get rid of lactic acid. | heat- speeds up blood flow to muscle and gets rid of lactic acid faster, also slow jog, uses oxygen and will help get rid of lactic acid. |
| what is the large protein molecule that takes oxygen to the muscles? | myoglobin |
| Red muscle fibers are also called _______. | slow-twitch |
| White muscle fibers are also called _______. | fast-twitch |
| Which type of muscles fatigue more quickly? | fast or white |
| Which type of muscle fibers do endurance runners have? | red or slow twitch |
| Fibers that are somewhere in between fast and slow twitch are called _______. | intermediate |
| Latin term that means the stiffness of death. | Rigor Mortis |
| Why does rigor mortis occur? | Myosin crossbridges still attched to actin, stuck, requires ATP to unstick them |
| Do muscle fibers partially contract? | no |
| Plasma membrane on the outside of a muscle fiber is called a ________. | Sarcolemma |
| Channels that allow a nerve impulse to get the message to a muscle cell | t-tubules |
| This stores Calcium in a muscle cell. | SR |
| the t-tubules and the Sr on each side are called the _______. | triad |
| Skeletal muscles have one nuclei true or false | false |
| Name the two myofilaments | myosin and actin |
| what two things does actin have on it? | troponin and tropomyosin |
| Which myofilament has the heads to form crossbridges? | myosin |
| What is the purpose of the troponin and tropomyosin on the actin? | to cover the actin and keep it from reactin with the myosin |
| This is the basic contractile unit of a muscle. | sarcomere |
| A sarcomere runs between what two lines. | z lines |
