| A | B |
|---|
| Another term for late shock... | Decompensatory shock |
| In late shock, these are released in response to either foreign invasion of tissue or tissue damage... | inflammatory mediators |
| Inflammatory mediators have these three main courses of action... | vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increased coagulation |
| Key treatment of late shock... | fluid replacement and crystalloids |
| These are isotonic solutions... | 0.9% normal saline (NS) and Lactated Ringers solution (LR) |
| These are hypotonic solutions | 0.45% NS, 0.2% NS, and Dextrose 5% in water (D5W) |
| These are hypertonic solutions... | D5W, D10NS, D10W, D5 with 0.45 NS, and D20W |
| This is the ratio at which isotonic crystalloids are given in late shock... | Three to one |
| How many liters of crystalloid solution should be administered to the patient with indications of hypovolemic shock? | One to two |
| Pediatric patients are given boluses at this rate for hypovolemic shock... | 20mL/kg |
| Colloids are given at this ratio as replacement... | One to one |
| Dextran, which comes in 40, 70, and 75 molecular weight, may cause these problems... | anaphylaxis, increased bleeding times, and risk of fluid overload |
| Hetastarch is a colloid that may cause these problems... | increase serum amylase levels, coagulopathies, and risk of fluid overload |
| Albumin (5% or 25% solutions) is a colloid that may cause these problems... | hypocalcemia, problems associated with human blood products, fluid overload since this increases intravascular volume quickly |
| Hypertonic saline (7.5%) with Dextran 70 is a colloid that may cause these problems... | Retention of volume in the vascular space since it promotes rapid expansion of blood volume (on a good note this solution will combat hypovolemia in the face of increased intracranial pressure |
| Concerning blood products, this is the universal donor... | O-negative |
| Type A blood has this antibody and antigen, respectively... | B antibodies; A antigens |
| Type B blood has these antibodies and antigens, respectively... | A antibodies; B antigens |
| Type O blood has these antibodies and antigens, respectively... | AB antibodies; NO antigens |
| Type AB blood has these antibodies and antigens, respectively... | NO antibodies; AB antigens |
| These are substances recognized by the body as foreign, causing the body to produce an antibody to react specifically with it... | Antigens |
| These are proteins produced by lymphocytes as a result of stimulation by an antigen which can then interact specifically with that particular antigen... | Antibodies |
| Early signs of a hemolytic reaction include these... | anxiety, restlessness, nausea and vomiting, flushing, chest/lumbar pain, tachypnea, tachycardia, chills |
| Later signs of a hemolytic reaction include these... | fever, cyanosis, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, heat along the veing receiving the transfusion, shock |
| Rh incompatibility only develops in this circumstance... | when the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive |
| This condition if the Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus and it is not treated... | erythroblastosis fetalis |
| Rh incompatibility is treated with this... | RHOgam |
| Concerning fluid resuscitation, list the end points (when you would stop or decrease fluid resuscitation)... | 1. Improvement in LOC, condition of skin, and capillary refill 2. Decreased pulse and increased blood pressure 3. Urinary output of 0.5mL/kg/hr in adults and 1-2mL/kg/hr in infants 4. Serum pH and base excess levels return to normal ranges 5. A stable or decreasing serum lactate level |
