Daily Assignments and Homework for IB Biology
Over the weekend: (my phone number is 440-0285) - This should now be review for you as you have been exposed to and should know most of the answers. I am so proud of all you have accomplished this year; thanks for working so hard!
1. (Saturday): Go through the IB syllabus and write down on notecards or otherwise what you DON't know. Look up the answers on an IB answer site. Write the answers out as if you were asked them on the test. Take a break. Go for a walk. Play a set of tennis. Come back and start reading the chapters in the IB booklet. Do a few at a time and then give yourself a reward. Do 1/2 on Saturday.
2. (Sunday): Continue to go through the syllabus, writing down what you do not know. Perhaps you know it all (!!!) so review what you do know. Take a break. Don't forget to go to church. Go for a walk. Start reading the rest of the IB booklet chapters. Get a good night's sleep.
3. (Monday): Eat a good breakfast. Relax. You know all of the material so you wil do well!!! Good luck! I love each of you! Ms. Scott
4. (Tuesday): Methodically, go through Option A and D ( or whatever 2 you will choose). As if you were taking the test, write down all of the answers without looking at your notes. If you do not know them, find the answers and re-write ( or say out loud -- whatever works for you.)
Week of May 14 IB Biology
Monday – Review/answer questions during 1st and 4th periods. IB test (papers 1 and 2) in PM. Be at the testing center at 12:30 with a ruler, pencil and ruler for labeling.
Tuesday- IB test (paper 3) in morning.
Wednesday/Thursday/Friday – attend class unless you want to study for another IB or AP test. I have to give you written permission to do so. If not, you will receive a 0 and unexcused absence from my class.
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Over the weekend of May 5 and 6:
1. Option D answers (or another option if you wish) are due Monday (assigned over a week ago). I had previously scheduled tutoring for it on Monday followed by a quiz on Tuesday/Wednesday. The quiz will be on Thursday/Friday. Tutoring if needed on Wednesday and Thursday.
Remember that you will need to answer 2 options on May 15th. Review the options to see what you are comfortable with and be learning it.
2. What you need to learn:
1. How the kidney functions, including setps: filtration, secretion, reabsorption
2. Thermoregulation and homeostasis
3. Make sure you know the answers to IB Syllabus questions on homeostasis, excretion, etc.
4. Read the IB booklet on this chapter
3. Read the IB booklet on Reproduction.
What you need to learn (IB Syllabus questions):
1. Label male and female reproductive anatomy
2. Hormones involved in:
a. development into puberty in males and females (including menstrual cycle)
b. the birth process
c. How the embryo implants in the uterus
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Week of May 7 IB Biology
Monday May 7
I. Classwork
A. Give back quizzes/tests
B. Go over thermoregulation
II. Homework
A. Write an essay on “How Organisms Regulate Temperature.” (include ectotherms, endotherms, examples of each in carrying out thermoregulation, especially including humans.)
B. Review reproductive system (read Campbell or the IB booklet) and the questions in the IB syllabus. Learn the anatomy, hormones, birthing process, IV fertilization
C. Review Photosynthesis in the IB booklet: importance of chlorophyll, structure of chloroplast, light-dependent and light-independent stages (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis
Tuesday/Wednesday May 8 and 9
I. Classwork
A. Take up essays
B. Lecture: Human reproduction ( only the IB syllabus questions will be discussed; if you are taking the AP test you really need to read the entire Campbell chapter)
C. Lecture: Photosynthesis
II. Homework
A. Write an essay “How Photosynthesis Produces Glucose” including what is in Monday May 7 “C” above
B. Review cellular respiration ( 3 stages: glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport system (ETS)
Thursday, Friday May 10 and 11
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on Option D
B. Lecture: Cellular Respiration
II. Homework
A. For extra credit, write an essay on “How the Mitochondria Produces ATP” using “B” above for guidance as to what to include
Next week:
Monday, May 14: Papers 1 and 2
Tuesday, May 15: Paper 3 I (choose any two options)
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Over the weekend of April 28 and 29: There are only two weeks left until the IB exam. The next two weekends should be dedicated to studying the IB syllabus. The quizzes you have taken should be showing you how much you remember so go back and make notecards on the IB syllabus questions you do not remember and go over and over them again until you know them.
Option D Evolution IB syllabus questions are due May 7 (Monday). You can be doing those now.
Week of April 30 IB Biology
Monday, April 30
I. Classwork
A. Go over test
B. Introduce new chapter: Immune System
II. Homework
A. Complete immune system study guide if you have not already
B. Check out the schedule for the topic quizzes – Topic quiz 3 on Tuesday/Wednesday
C. The text chapter (39) on the immune system is difficult to follow. Locate an online book (Maricopa) or go to APEX
D. Complete 5.3 and 5.4 IB Syllabus questions
E. Notecards on Option D due Monday of next week
Tuesday,Wednesday May 1 and 2
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: The Immune System
II. Homework
A. Worksheets of immune system
B. Quiz on immune system
Thursday,Friday May 3 and 4
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on immune system
B. Complete immune system lecture
C. Introduce chapter 40 Controlling the Internal Environment (excretion and homeostasis)
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Posted Wednesday at 445pm: No study guide is due this week on the immune system; here is a study guide for the test:
Circulation: blood cells, route of blood in the heart, label the heart, differences in capillaries/veins/arteries, initiation of heartbeat, ways all of the animals in the 9 phyla transport or obtain gases and nutrients, closed/open circulatory systems with examples, number of chambers of heart of fish/human/ names and locations of valves in human heart, blood pressure (systole/diastole), how blood clots (prothombin, thrombin, fribrinogen, fibrin), molecules/compounds carried in the blood, where valves are located, lymphatic system's function
Respiratory: label structures, define ventilation, characteristics of capillary for good exchange, how inhalation occurs (muscles, diaphgram, stomach muscles), how O2 and CO2 are transported in the blood, 2 purposes of respiratory system, importance of alveoli, cutaneous respiration, C- cartilage rings found where?, importance of alveloli, contents of exhaled and inhaled air, importance of capillary bed, breathing rate and how it is controlled by chemoreceptors, where are the chemorecedptors found and what are they sensitive to in the blood?, importance of aortic and carotid bodies, what causes breathing rate to increase, and 9 things that happen when someone exercises
Study your notes, read the chapter, and study the IB Syllabus questions. The test is MC and short answer.
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Posted Monday, 10:00 am: Change of test date: Test will be on Thursday/Friday. We need to have the lecture on respiration which we did not get to on Monday. Four IB Syllabus questions on respiration will be due Tuesday/Wednesday.
Over the weekend of April 24 and 25th: Study for Topic I quiz.
1. For very concise answers, use Wikibooks IB Biology --- however, some of the questions are missing and may be incomplete. Cross-reference this with Click4Biology.
2. Be reading the remainder of the Campbell chapter on respiration. We will complete the chapter and have both of the sections on the test on Tuesday/Wednesday.
3. Answer the IB syllabus questions on respiration TO BE HANDED IN ON MONDAY!!! (THERE ARE ONLY FOUR ---use the Campbell book as a reference and hand-write)
Week of April 26, 2007 IB Biology
Monday, April 27
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on Topic 1
B. Lecture: The Respiratory System
II. Homework
A. Study for test on circulation and respiration
Tuesday, April 28 and Wednesday April 29
I. Classwork
A. Test
II. Homework
A. Read The Immune System chapter and do study guide. This is a difficult chapter to read in Campbell. I will give you another recommendation.
B. Study for Topic II quiz
Thursday,Friday April 30 and May 1
I. Classwork
A. Topic II quiz
A. Lecture: The Immune System
II. Homework
A. Worksheets on immune system
B. Essay: Describe the role of the B and T cells in the immune system.
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Posted Tuesday, April 16th: Notice: There will be no AM AP tutoring this Wednesday since you have a National Honor Society meeting in the morning. There will be AP tutoring in the afternoon this Wednesday. The next time AP tutoring will be held will be after the IB test May 12th.
Here is the schedule of tutoring sessions for the IB test as well as when Topic quizzes will take place:
Wed. April 18 – 3:45pm- AP tutoring (the last time until after the IB test in May)
Thursday April 19 – 3:45 pm-Topic I IB tutoring
Monday April 23 – Topic 1 quiz
Tuesday/Wednesday April 24 and 25 Circulatory system test
Wednesday April 25 – IB tutoring 7:45 am and 3:45 pm Topic 2
Thursday/Friday April 26 and 27 – Topic 2 quiz
Monday April 30 – 3:45 pm IB Tutoring Topic 3
Tuesday/Wednesday May 1 and 2 – Topic 3 Quiz
Wednesday May 2 – 3:45 pm IB tutoring Topic 4
Thursday/Friday May 3 and 4 – 3:45 pm Quiz Topic 4
Monday May 7- 3:45 pm – Options A and D tutoring
Tuesday/Wednesday May 8 and 9 – Quiz on Options A and D
Tuesday May 8 3:45 pm – IB tutoring on photosynthesis and respiration
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IB Biology Week of April 16
Monday April 16
I. Classwork
A. Go over lab grades and record
II. Homework
A. Review circulatory system
Tuesday, Wednesday April 17 and 18
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: Circulatory System (see notes in Virtual Share)
II. Homework
A. Study circulatory system notes, APEX, etc.
Thursday, Friday April 19th and 20th
I. Classwork
A. Complete lecture on circulatory system
B. Practice IB Questions
II. Homework
A. Practice IB questions on circulatory system
B. Topic I Quiz on Monday
C. Circulatory System Test on Tuesday/Wednesday
Posted Monday, March 26: Study Guide for Digestion quiz on Tuesday/Wednesday:
1. Mechanical and chemical digestion in mouth; include role of salivary amylase and which macromolecule it digests
2. Role of esophagus; peristalsis; voluntary and involuntary muscle action for swallowing
3. Mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach; macromolecule digested here; role of parietal and chief cells; role of HCl; how pepsinogen becomes its active form pepsin; role of the hormone gastrin; pyloric and cardiac spinchters
4. where is the duodenum?
4. Digestion and absorption in the small intestine; enzymes for digestion of all three macromolecules; monomers that are produced; role of bile; role of pancreatic amylase (plus the other major enzymes); structure and function of the villi; how glucose is absorbed; how monomers of fats are absorbed; where do they go
5. Role of large intestine; water recylcing; role of
6. role of the gall bladder
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Over the weekend: Labs due as formerly noted; be reviewing digestive system; be doing IB Syllabus questions on digestion for a quiz this week
Week of March 26th IB Biology
Monday, March 26
I. Classwork
A. The Digestive Systgem (how digestion occurs in the animal phyla; details of digestion in mouth, stomach, and small intestine)
II. Homework
A. Quiz on digestive system (*see study guide above)
B. Do the IB syllabus questions for a quiz on Thursday/Friday
Tuesday/Wednesday March 27and 28
I. Classwork
A. Take quiz
B. Complete lecture
C. Show movie
D. Discuss Option A and give out syllabus
II. Homework
A. Quiz on IB syllabus questions Thursday/Friday
B. Read chapter 38 Circulatory System and do study guide (on a previous Quia)
Here is the study guide. It is also in Virtual Share:
Circulation Study Guide- Campbell’s Chapter 38
I. Questions to Answer
1. List the major animal phyla with gastrovascular cavities, and explain why they do not need a circulatory system.
2. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems.
3. Using an arthropod as an example, describe the circulation of hemolymph.
4. Explain how hemolymph differs from blood.
5. Using an earthworm as an example, describe circulation of blood, and explain how it exchanges materials with interstitial fluid.
6. List the components of a vertebrate cardiovascular system.
7. Distinguish between an artery and a vein with relationship to blood flow to/from the heart.
8. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits, and explain the function of each.
9. Explain the advantage of double circulation over a single circuit.
10. Using diagrams, compare and contract the circulatory schemes of fish, amphibians, and mammals.
11. Trace a drop of blood through the human heart, listing the structures it passes through en route.
12. List the four heart valves, describe their location, and explain their function.
13. Distinguish between systole and diastole.
14. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle, and explain what causes the first and second heart sounds.
15. Define heart murmur, and explain its cause.
16. Define pulse, and describe the relationship between size and pulse rate among different mammals.
OMIT 17. OMIT Define cardiac output, and explain how it is affected by a change in heart rate or stroke volume.
18. Define myogenic, and describe some of the unique properties of cardiac muscle that allows it to contract in a coordinated manner.
19. Define pacemaker, and describe the location of the two patches of nodal tissue in the human heart.
20. Describe the origin and pathway of the action potential (cardiac impulse) in the normal human heart.
OMIT21. OMIT Explain why it is important that the cardiac impulse be delayed at the AV node.
22. Explain how the pace of the SA node can be modulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, changes in temperature, physical conditioning, and exercise.
23. Compare the structures of arteries and veins (with regards to the three tissue layers of each vessel), and explain how their structures are related to differences in their functions.
24. Describe how capillary structure differs from other vessels, and explain how this structure relates to its function.
OMIT25. OMIT - SIMPLY READ AND UNDERSTAND Recall the law of continuity, and explain why blood flow through capillaries is substantially slower than it is through arteries and veins.
26. Define blood pressure and describe how it is measured.
OMIT27. OMIT Explain how peripheral resistance and cardiac output affect blood pressure.
28. Explain how blood returns to the heart, even though it must travel from the lower extremities against gravity.
29. Explain how blood flow through capillary beds is regulated.
OMIT but good for AP 30. OMIT Explain how osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure regulate exchange of fluid and solutes across capillaries.
31. Describe the composition of lymph, and explain how the lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the circulatory system.
OMIT 32. OMIT Explain why protein deficiency can cause edema.
33. Explain how the lymphatic system helps defend the body against infection.
34. Explain why vertebrate blood is classified as a connective tissue.
35. List the components of blood and describe a function for each.
36. Describe how the formation of erythrocytes is controlled/regulated.
37. Outline the sequence of events that occur during blood clotting, and explain what prevents spontaneous clotting in the absence of injury.
KET TERMS
open circulatory system diastole hemolymph
cardiac output fibrinogen stroke volume
fibrin closed circulatory system sinoatrial (SA) node
hemophilia cardiovascular system pacemaker
thrombus atrium atrioventricular (AV) node
arteries electrocardiogram arterioles
endothelium capillaries blood pressure capillary bed
peripheral resistance venules veins systemic circuit
double circulation pulmonary circuit atrioventricular (AV) valves
semilunar (SL) valves pulse heart rate cardiac cycle
systole lymphatic system lymph
lymph nodes plasma red blood cells erythrocytes
hemoglobin white blood cells leukocytes platelets dissociation curve
C. Do APEX on circulatory system when you have time (and if you can get it)
Thursday/Friday March 29 and 30
I. Classwork
A. Take quiz on IB syllabus questions on digestion
B. Lecture: Circulatory System
II. Homework
A. Do IB syllabus questions on circulatory system
B. Quiz Monday on what has been covered in this system
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Posted Tuesday morning, March 20th: Lab Information
I. Fruit Fly Cross
1. We did the F2 cross (Wx x Wx). However, here is the history:
P1= WW x ww (W=wild (winged) w= apterous )
F1= 100 % Ww (What is the phenotype?)
P2= Ww xWx (this is what I received from the company)
F2= 54 winged; 14 apterous (this is what Lauren counted)
2. What you should do for DC:
a. Give the background of the cross; describe the phenotype, etc --- just give a small introduction on the lab to "set the stage" Tell what the original P1, F1, etc. were.
b. Give the expected probability for the F2 in the form of a Punnett square. Give genotypes and phenotypes.
c. Give the experimental results as counted by Lauren in the form of a well-named chart. Give the number of each, etc. as well as the % (even though this may be going inoto DCC). In the next lab we will use the DC to complete the DCC by doing Chi-square.
2. A Model of Transport in the Villi of the Small Intestine - (Pl(a) Pl(b) DC DPP CE
(Refer to Lab Bench # 1 Diffusion and Osmosis for the basics of the lab)
1. Pl(a)
a. Discuss the digestive process in the small intestine: final digestion into monomers, etc.
b. Describe the basics about the villi - structure and function. Don't go into detail of why this cell model is different from what goes on in the small intestine --- Leave that for the conclusion. But go into detail how how the monomers or polymers would normally act going across a typical cell.
c. Describe what the experiment is to accomplish: You are trying to design a model of transport in the small intestine based upon your knowledge of passive and active transport across the cell membrane of a cell.
d. Describe the experimental design: hypothesis; IV, DV, trials ( we did 7 trials of the same thing;uncertainties
2. Pl(b)
a. Make a list of the materials and give measurements. For example,
3 - 50 ml test tubes
1 - test tube rack
indicators: Biuret, Benedict solution, iodine ( approximately 2 ml each)
hot water bath
Various solutions of: *glucose, sucrose, fructose, *starch, *protein ( unflavored gelatin), salt, etc.) We used the *.
1 - 10 ml graduated cylinder
1- 50 ml beaker
1 - 20 cm dialysis tubing
2- pieces of string
1 - funnel
1 - beaker filled with 200 ml water
b. Describe how the "cell" was made. Give all steps. HERE ARE SOME IMPORTANT STEPS --- BUT JUST DO NOT COPY THIS!!!!::: 2 ml of each solution (those *** above) was added to the dialysis bag once it was tied off at one end. Also tell how the bag was prepared initially and washed after the second tie was placed, prior to putting it into the beaker filled with 200 ml water. The cell was left in the 200 ml of water for 1 hour. The cell was thrown away. 20 ml of the water was added to each of three test tubes (let test tube # 1= starch test; test tube # 2= protein test; test tube # 3= glucose test) to each test tube was added 2 ml of the indicators. Only the glucose was placed in the hot water bath.
If you are chosen to send your work in, I will have you do a flow chart. Not needed now.
(Refer to "Organic Molecule Lab in Virtual Share --- in Macromolecule Folder Chapter 5)
c. DC - You make a chart with an informative title for the raw data.
Results: Test tube # 1: yellow in color
2: blue in color
3: brick orange in color
d. DPP - You will make observaional analyses of the results as this does not have quantitative data. I think it would be appropriate here to give what the positive (+) test results would be.
e. CE - This will be long and perhaps difficult as you will need to connect the "cell" simulation to the small intestine villi.
1. Give a summary of what happened along with the qualitative results.
2. Tell whether the hypothesis was supported ( what was going to diffuse) and back it up with the color changes ( or no color changes).
3. Discuss how this was a model that was trying to show transport in the small intestine. This is where you would utilize pp. 807-808 in your text to describe how absorption really takes place.
a. Did the starch get transported as hypothesized? Why or why not?
b. Did the protein " " "
c. Did the glucose " " ". Make sure you mention how glucose is transported at the villi as this differs from what would normally happen during diffusion. Tell why!!
4. Discuss lab procedural weaknesses, etc.
5. Discuss how you would improve in the future. Make suggestions. How could you improve your "model" Look up info on dialysis tubing and see if there are other types thatare porous to polymers.... be creative yet scientific.
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Note: You should have turned in by Friday of this past week the tissue lab (due by Friday), transformation (due Thurs/Fri), and Hardy-Weinberg (due Tues/Wed). They will be considered late if turned in on Monday (even if you were on the field trip).
Future due dates are as follows:
1. Ethology: due March 27/28
2. Solute Transport Across Villi of Small Intestine: due March 22/23
3. Drosophilia Cross: due March 20/21 (all classes can turn in Wed)
4. Using Chi-Square with Fruit Flies (omit VII Chi Square): due March 26
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Week of March 19 IB Biology
Monday, March 19
I. Classwork
A. Warm-up: Practice matching quiz on tissue terms
B. Go over tests on genetic engineering
C. Show students graded labs
D. Demo on transport lab
II. Homework
A. You should have completed the study guide on the digestive system as well as APEX.
B. Lab due Tues/Wed: Fruit Fly Cross DC (All classes can turn in Wed)
Tuesday, Wednesday March 20 and 21 (Tuesday= 6 and 7th periods only)
I. Classwork
A. Go over digestion study guides and APEX if needed
B. Wednesday for 4th: Go over chi square using fruit fly data
C. Continue digestive system
II. Homework
D. Lab due Thurs/Fri: Transport of Materials in Villi
E. Lab due Monday: Chi-square and Fruit Flies DPP due Monday March 26
Thursday, Friday March 22 and 23
I. Classwork
A. 1st period Thursday: Go over chi square using fruit fly data
A. Complete lecture on digestive system
II. Homework
A. Read chapter 38 Circulatory System and be doing study guide terms
B. Quiz Monday on digestive system
C. Lab due Monday: Chi Square and Fruit Flies
D. Lab due March 27/28: Animal Behavior (Ethology)
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Over the weekend of March 10th and 11th: (Okay… I know I said the 2 labs could be due anytime but having one due Tues/Wed and the other due Thurs/Fri manages your time and I want them to be good since I will be sending them in for assessment.)
1. Due Tuesday/Wednesday: Hardy-Weinberg Law – Correction: All but Pl(b) (if you have done Pl(b) it is okay.
2. Due Thursday/Wednesday: Transformation Lab – all but DPP
3. Test Thursday/Friday on Genetic Engineering Syllabus Questions 3.4 (Will be the same questions as in the syllabus…. 4th period: We will go over these; we did already in 1st period)
4. You should have already done the study guide for Chapter 36. It is in VS and below:
Chapter 36 Study Guide
Terms to Define
1. tissue
2. epithelial – simple/stratified/cuboidal/squamous
3. basement membrane
4. connective tissue
5. collagen
6. macrophage
7. adipose
8. tendon
9. ligament
10. osteoblast/osteoclast
11. Haversian system
12. neuron
13. cell body
14. axon
15. dendrite
16. myelin
17. muscle – smooth/cardiac/striated
18. mesentery
19. thoraqcic cavity/abdominal cavity
20. metabolism
21. BMR
22. interstitial fluid
23. homeostasis
24. feedback – negative and positive
Questions:
1. Define and give examples of the 4 tissue types in the human body.
2. Give an example of homeostasis dealing with one human system.
3. Define and give an example of each: negative and positive feedback.
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5. We will begin Chapter 36 on Introduction to the Human Body on Monday; you will begin a microscope lab on tissue types on Monday and complete on your own time.
Here is a copy of the due dates for the labs. You were given this in class but the links can be accessed here.
IB Labs Due
I. Transformation – all criteria except DPP; use the transformation essay you wrote for Pl(a); make sure it has notbeen plagiarized/copied from an online source
II. Hardy-Weinberg – all criteria but Pl(b)
1. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab8/intro.html (lab
bench 8)
III.Tissues of the Human Body – We will be doing drawings with labeling in class.
This constitutes DC (drawings) and DPP (labeling)
IV. Ethology (Animal Behavior) – Design your own lab; all criteria due; can work with
one partner; do not plagiarize an online lab; it must be original; below are suggestions only:
1. http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/animal_behavior_and_ethology.htm
2. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab11/intro.html (Lab Bench AP Lab # 11 – mating behavior of fruit flies; pillbug behavior)
3. http://caspar.bgsu.edu/~courses/Ethology/Labs/CrayfishAgon/ (agnostic behavior in crayfish)
4. http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol114/Behavior/PIll_bug1.asp (pill bug)
V.Design an experiment that shows how and why solutes move across semi-permaeble membranes and relate this to absorption in the small intestine by the villi. Read Lab Bench 1, noting the materials: dialysis tubing; various solutes in solution such as glucose, protein, starch). We will do this in class. You will need to write the lab using criteria Pl(a), Pl(b), DC, DPP, CE
1. http://www.planetthink.net/science/biology_place/labbench/lab1/intro.html (lab
bench 1)
VI. Drosophilia Crosses – We will do in class; apterous x wild; DC only
1. http://www.planetthink.net/science/biology_place/labbench/lab7/intro.html
(Genetics of Organisms - Lab Bench 7)
1. http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol114/Vfly1.asp (biolab)
VII. Chi-Square – We will do in class. Due: An introduction on chi-square; DCC showing calculations of a problem
VIII. Using Chi-Square in Determining the Significance of Experimental Probability in Drosophilia Crosses (statistical analysis)– We will do in class. DPP is due.
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Week of March 12th IB Biology
I. Classwork
A. Lab: Tissues of the Human Body - of the following tissues:
1. 4 major tissue types (epithelial (human skin), nerve ( ox neuron), connective (blood), muscle (striated) plus examples: adipose, cartilage, cuboidal epithelium
II. Homework
A. Lab due – Hardy-Weinberg
B. Read chapter 37 Digestive System and do study guide. The study guide is in VS and below. Have terms 1-30 completed by Thurs/Fri. The remainder of the terms by Monday of next week. The questions are due Monday of next week.
C. Remember the APEX program is a great online study program.
Chapter 37 Study Guide
Digestive System
I. Terms to Define
1. herbivor/carnivor/omnivor
2. suspension feeder
3. substrate feeder
4. fluid feeder
5. bulk feeder
6. ingestion
7. enzymatic hydrolysis
8. absorption
9. elimination
10. intracellular digestion
11. extracellular digestion
12. gastrovascular cavity
13. alimentary canal
14. peristalsis
15. sphincter
16. pancreas
17. liver
18. gallbladder
19. salivary amylase
20. bolus
21. pharynx
22. epiglottis
23. esophagus
24. gastric juice
25. pepsin
26. pepsinogen
28. gastrin
29. chyme
30. pyloric sphincter
31. small intestine
32. bile
33. duodenum
34. secretin
35. CCK
36. enterogastrone
37. trypsin
38. nuclease
39. emulsification
40. lipase
41. jejunum
42. ileum
43. villi
44. microvilli
45. brush border
46. lacteal
47. hepatic portal vessel
48. large intestine (colon)
49. appendix
50. essential nutrients
51. essential amino acids
52. essential fatty acids
53. vitamins
Questions to Answer
1. Compare ingestion and digestion in the following invertebrates:
a. paramecium
b. sponge
c. hydra
d. earthworm
e. grasshopper
2. Provide the major digestive process occurring in the following.
a. pharynx
b. esophagus
c. stomach
d. small intestine
e. large intestine
3. THE ESOPHAGUS: How can we prevent food “going down the wrong pipe?”
4. THE ESOPHAGUS: How does food get transported down the esophagus?
THE STOMACH;
5. What maintains the stomach’s pH of 2-3?
6. What is found in gastric juice?
7. Which macromolecule is digested in the stomach? Wit the aid of which enzyme?
8. What do the parietal cells and the chief cells produce? For what functions?
9. Describe the pepsin-pepsinogen relationship.
10. Describe the interior of the stomach.
11. What is the function of the hormone gastrin?
12. How does food enter the small intestine?
THE SMALL INTESTINE:
13. Which accessory glands help in the digestion of food in the small intestine?
14. What organ produces bile? Where is it produced? How does it function?
15. Describe the role of secretin.
16. Provide the enzymes needed for the digestion of:
a. carbos b. lipids c. proteins
17. Contrast the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
18. The small intestine plays as role in digestion as well as absorption. Describe how all 3 macromolecule groups are absorbed by the villi.
19. Draw a villus and label: lacteal, capillaries, villi.
THE LARGE INTESTINE
20. Does the large intestine digest food? What is its function?
21. Describe the microbial flora in the large intestine. What is its function?
22. How is food processed in the large intestine prior to elimination?
23. Describe evolutionary adaptations associated with the digestive system.
Tuesday/Wednesday March 13th and 14
I. Classwork
A. Take up Hardy-Weinberg Lab
B. Complete tissue lab on your own time
C. Lecture: The Digestive System (overview; digestion in the mouth; role of the esophagus; digestion in the stomach)
II. Homework
A. Transformation lab due Thursday/Friday
B. Terms 1-30 due
C. Complete the tissue lab during your own time
Thursday/Friday March 15th and 16th
I. Classwork
A. Take up Transformation Lab
B. Lecure: The Digestive System (review; role of the small intestine in digestion and absorption; role of the large intestine; how food is absorbed by the villi)
II. Homework
A. Quiz on Monday on Digestion
B. Be doing labs --- see above --- animal behavior…design an experiment showing transport in the digestive system….protein electrophoresis lab if you did it….
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Week of March 5th IB Biology
OVER THE WEEKEND - 4 THINGS TO DO:
Over the weekend: Change of Date: I will accept the HW lab on Tuesday/Wednesday if you do not know how to do the calculations; I can go over the math part on Monday; however, you MUST do CE over the weekend and show it to me on Monday.
1.Formal IB Lab for Hardy-(utilizing the data from the deer mouse lab; access Virtual Share folder entitled Hardy-Weinberg Law; read the two documents in there; read the lab instructions; you are to do DPP and CE; follow the lab write-up rules found in Virtual Share)
2. You were given a Genetic Engineering packet to do independently. See last week’s Quia. This is due Monday. I am assuming you know the basics about genetic engineering. If you need additional help, come in for tutoring.
3. We will begin the human systems next week. Please start the study guide for chapter 36 (an introduction to animal structure and function) pp. 779-784 on tissue types in the body. This will be incorporated in a lab on Tuesday/Wednesday. The terms are due Thursday/Friday; the questions on Monday the 12th. The study guide is in Virtual Share.
4. There is an APEX assignment on chapter 36. It is due Tuesday/Wednesday. You may want to do it this weekend.
Monday, March 5th
I. Classwork
A. Take up H-W labs
B. Look at transformation lab results and record data (The formal lab write-up is due next Monday; it will be for all criteria: Pl(a) Pl(b) DC DPP CE (see the lab write-up rules in VS)
C. Lecture: Genetic Engineering (plasmids and their use in genetic engineering; electrophoresis; PCR; RFLP; use of restriction enzymes;Human Genome Project; gene therapy; cloning of Dolly; agricultural uses of DNA technology)
II. Homework
A. Quiz on genetic engineering
B. APEX worksheet on human tissues (epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular). This is found in Virtual Share.
Tuesday, Wednesday March 6th and 7th
I. Lecture: Tissues of the human body
II. Lab: Tissues of the human body – The formal lab will be the drawings with appropriate labels: DC and DPP and will be due Monday
III. Take up APEX worksheet.
IV. Homework
A. AP Tutoring in the morning 8:00 am and in the afternoon 3:45 pm
B. Read Chapter 37 and be doing study guide (terms due Thursday/Friday; questions due Monday)
Thursday, Friday March 8th and 9th
I. Lecture: The Digestive System (overview of how lower animals carry on digestion; the anatomy of the human digestive tract; digestion begins in the mouth; then stomach, and finalized in the small intestine; absorption of food in the small intestine
II. Homework
A. Lab Transformation due Monday (all criteria )
A. Lab: Tissues of the Human Body due Tuesday/Wednesday(DC and DPP) with correct labeling – see handout given out earlier on labeling rules
B. Complete digestion study guide questions
C. Quiz on chapter 37 digestion on Monday
D. Worksheets on digestive system
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Week of February 26 IB Biology
Over the weekend of February 27th:
1. Test Part I (multiple choice) on Monday on chapters 15 (DNA and replication), 16 (protein synthesis), and 17 (genetics of viruses and bacteria). Part 2 (short answer/data based) will be on Tuesday.
2.You received a Genetics Data Based packet on Thursday/Friday. Do questions # 1,2 (a,b),5,6,7,8,9,10,11 (a,b,c)12,13,14,15,16,18). Write “see above” if your answers are repeated in a former answer. These are due on Monday.
3. You performed the Hardy-Weinberg Law lab on Thursday/Friday. We will continue with the theoretical part of the law on Tuesday/Wednesday. Be reviewing it over the weekend. 4th period changed the environmental conditions between the 4th and 5th generations. 1st period may want to do this on their own. This would be great to report in the formal lab report. I will have to add to a notice above what is to be included in the lab report. It will be due this coming Thursday/Friday.
4.If you did not write the essay on transformation, it is due on Tuesday/Wednesday of this week. We will do the transformation lab on Thursday/Friday.
5.The chapter 19 Genetic Engineering study guide (with IB syllabus questions) has been put in Virtual
Share as well as below. Be working on it. It will be due next Monday, March 5th
Chapter 19 Study Guide Genetic Engineering
1. Give three roles of genetic engineering. (p. 370)
2. What is one of the major tools of genetic engineering? (p. 370)
3. Describe restriction enzymes. (p. 370)
4. How do restriction enzymes cut the phosphodiester bonds of DNA? (p. 371)
5. How may recombinant DNA be moved from test tubes into cells? (p. 371)
6. Define plasmid. (p. 371)
7. Describe how plasmids are used in genetic engineering in the cloning of a gene in a bacterial cell. (p. 373) Do not draw. Write in paragraph form.
8. Look at figure 19.23 and describe how restriction enzymes and DNA ligase form recombinant DNA. Do not draw. Write in paragraph form.
9. Not only can DNA be transformed into bacterial cells, there are methods of inserting DNA into eukaryote cells. Describe the methods. (p. 375)
10. Define the following:
1. the Sanger method of sequencing DNA
2. PCR
3. Southern blotting/Northern blotting
4. RFLP
5.***Describe the Human Genome Project: its creation, who participated, what it wished to accomplish, what it accomplished ( at least 2 advantageous outcomes).
11. How does DNA technology aid in:
a. the diagnosis of disease
b. ****gene therapy – Outline the process of gene therapy using a named example.
c. vaccines and pharmaceuticals (drugs)
d. forensics
e. environmental uses
f. ****agricultural uses (animal husbandry, plants, nitrogen-fixation)
12. ****What are the ethical issues of DNA technology? Describe the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification.
The following are IB Syllabus questions which may be reworded somewhat. Look at the formal syllabus to re-read the questions. Check out the sites I have given you for the answers. If you have answered them above, write “see above.”
1. ***What does PCR perform?
2. ***What is the function n( as related to DNA) of gel electrophoresis?
3. ***How is DNA used in DNA profiling?
4. ****Describe two applications of DNA profiling.
5. ***Define genetic screeing.
6. ***Describe three advantages and or disadvantages of genetic screening.
7. ***How does the universaility of the genetic code enable the transfer of genetic material ( and, hence, the ability to carry out genetic engineering).
8. ***Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium/yeast), restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and DNA ligase. Do not draw.
9. ***Define clone.
10. ***Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated cells. (Dolly the sheep) Do not draw.
11.Discuss the ethical issues of cloning in humans.
***************
Monday, February 26th
I. Classwork
A. Test Part I– Multiple Choice –chpts 15,16,17
II. Homework
A. Test Part II – short answer/data based – chpts 15,16,17
B. Turn in essays on transformation if you did not do so last week
Tuesday/Wednesday February 27th and 28th
I. Classwork
A. Test Part II – short answer/data based – chpts 15,16,17
B..Complete operons – lac and typ; briefly go over chapter 18; discuss chapter 19 and assign study guide (see above and in Virtual Share). This will be a self-taught.
C. Discuss transformation and lab # 8 Transformation. Go over Lab Bench #8.
II. Homework
A. Pre-lab quiz on Lab Bench lab # 8 Transformation
B. Be doing above study guide Chapter 19.
C. Formal lab report on Hardy Weinberg law due Thursday.
Thursday/Friday March 1 and 2
I. Classwork
A. Take up lab report.
B.Pre-lab quiz Transformation
C.Perform Lab
II. Homework
A. Lab Transformation is due Monday. TBA the lab components.
B. Study guide chapter 19 Genetic Engineering due Monday.
Please note: Change in lab for Thursday/Friday February 23 and 24:
I failed to special order two things that were needed in the transformation kits; therefore, we will do the Hardy-Weinberg law lab tomorrow. Please read before class Lab Bench Population Genetics # 7. Please review the Hardy-Weinberg law --- its principles and its formula. Tomorrow and Friday you will be field mice - either dark or light - and will or will not have a predator to kill you.
AP TUTORING AT 8:00 AM (morning) on WEDNESDAY and also 3:45 pm on WEDNESDAY of this week. The same material will be covered. Come to class and boot up your computer and go to AP Bio in Virtual Share. Serious students only!!
Sorry that I did not post this over the weekend. 4th Period - two quizzes as noted below for Wednesday!!!! We will review first.
Note: Over the weekend of February 17th and 18th:
(a) study for a warm-up multiple choice quiz on protein synthesis (making a mRNA transcript from DNA; codons/anticodons/how to determine amino acids using the codon chart; types of mutations. This will take 20 minutes. I gave you two handouts (with the answers) that will help with this. This is on Tuesday/Wednesday.
(b) study for a quiz on Chapter 17 (structure of a virus; simplified life cycle of a virus; lytic and lysogenic cycles; prophage; envelope; HIV replication; viroid and prions, transformation, transduction, and transformation, plasmid, antibiotic resistance. (will not include transposons and operons) . This is on Tuesday/Wednesday.
(c) Access the lab on Bacterial Transformation: Lab Bench
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab6/concepts1.html
This is the lab we will perform on Thursday/Friday. Read over the lab. The second quiz on Tuesday/Wednesday will have questions from this.
Week of February 19th – IB Biology
Monday, February 19 – student holiday
Tuesday/Wednesday February 20th and 21th
I. Classwork
A. Warmup quiz when you come in on protein synthesis.
B. Lecture: Complete bacteria; start Operons (on-off switches in bacteria – lac and typ operons)
C. Quiz on Chapter 17 – see above for study guide
D. Discuss lab Bacterial Transformation
II. Homework
A. Write an essay on Bacterial Transformation. Describe the bioilogical process in bacteria, how plasmids are used as vectors to transform bacteria with a jellyfish gene; how restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering ( see chpt 18); how you would determkine if the procedure was positive
B. Read Lab Bench Bacterial Transformation for a pre-lab quiz on Thursday/Friday
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab6/concepts1.html
(It is Friday and I cannot open this; if that happens to you try to find this lab elsewhere. It is AP Biology lab # 7, part II on Bacterial Transformation)
C. Pre-lab quiz on lab
Thursday/Friday February 22nd and 23rd
I. Classwork
A. Pre-lab quiz on lab
B. Perform the lab: Bacterial Transformation
II. Homework
A. Test on chpts 15,16,17 (will have to get additional part of test on Tuesday/Wednesday); a study guide will be placed in Virtual Share
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NOTE!!! Just added - study guide for chapter 16 quiz on Tuesday/Wednesday:
1. What did Beadle and Tatum's experiment prove?
2. types of RNA
3. N-base in RNA
4. Transcription and translation: initiation, elongation, termination of both
5. RNA polymerase
6. promoter region: TATA box and initiation site
7. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
8. sticky end
9. codon/anticodon
10. P and A sites
11. termination code
12. mRNA processing
13. introns/exons
14. targeting/signaling for where the protein is to go
15. ribozyme
Please note: NO AP tutoring on Wednesday, February 14th
Week of February 12th IB Biology
Monday, February 12th
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: Translation (three steps: initiation, elongation, termination)
B. Show movie on protein synthesis
II. Homework
A. Quiz on chapter 16 protein synthesis (transcription and translation; entire chapter)
B. Be reading chapter 17 and be doing study guide (due Thursday/Friday)
Chapter 17 Study Guide IB Biology The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
I. Terms to Define
1. pathogenic
2. Wendell Stanley
3. TMV
4. capsid/capsomere
5. viral envelope
6. bacteriophage
7. host
8. lytic/lysogenic cycles
9. prophage
10. envelope
11. HIV
12. AIDS
13. retrovirus
14. reverse transcriptase
15. vaccine
16. emerging virus
17. viroid
18. prion
19. transformation/transduction/conjugation
20. plasmid
21. transposon
22. insertion sequence
23. operon:trp and lac
24. parts of an operon: regulatory gene, promoter, operator, structural genes, repressor
II. Questions to Answer
1. Draw some different shapes of viruses. Label one.
2. Draw the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Label.
3. Draw how the HIV virus infects a host cell.
4. Name four emerging viruses.
5. How may viruses have evolved?
6. What is the advantage of transformation and transduction?
7. How can plasmids confer antibiotic resistance?
8. Describe how the typ and lac operons work.
Tuesday, Wednesday February 13th and 14th
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on protein synthesis
B. Classwork:
II. Homework
A. Read chapter 17 and do study guide (due Thursday/Friday)
Thursday/Friday February 15th and 16th
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria (VIRUSES: the structure of a virus; the lytic cycle; the lysogenic cycle; types of viruses; how the HIV virus replicates; retroviruses; vaccine; viroid - BACTERIA: replication of a bacterial chromosome; genetic recombination (transformation, transduction, and conjugation); plasmid; antibiotic resistance, transposons, operans (trp and lac)
II. Check for study guide
III. Homework
A. Continue to study this chapter. You will have a test on Chapts. 15, 16, and 17 on Tuesday/Wednesday of next week.
B. Worksheets if ready for review
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Week of February 5th IB Biology
Reminder: AP tutoring on Wednesday of this week. Access the Acorn book sites. IB tutoring by request.
Monday, February 5th
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on Chapter 15 DNA and Replication
B. Take up replication essays
II. Homework
A. Return essays to be graded
B. 1st period will take replication essay portion of quiz
C. Read chapter 16 From Gene to Protein (protein synthesis: transcription and translation) and be doing study guide. Have the terms completed by next class. Questions will be due Monday of next week. The study guide is in Virtual Share as well as right here:
Chapter 16 Study Guide Protein Synthesis IB Biology
I. Terms to Define
1. Neurospora
2. one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis / one-gene one-polypeptide hypothesis
3. transcription/translation
4. codon/anticodon
5. mRNA/tRNA/rRNA
6. RNA polymerase
7. promoter
8. terminator
9. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
10. ribosome
11. P site/A site
12. initiation factors
13. start codon
14. reading frame
15. elongation factor
16. peptidyl transferase
17. translocation
18. termination codon
19. release factor
20. wobble effect
21. redundance
22. intron/exon
23. RNA splicing
24. snRNPs
25. splicesome
26. ribozyme
27. CAP
28. poly A tail
29. point mutation
30. base-pair substitution
31. missense mutation/nonsense mutation
32. insertion/deletion
33. frameshift mutation
34. mutagen
II. Questions to Answer ***=IB question
1. Describe briefly the Beadle and Tatum experiment. What did it prove?
2. ***How does RNA differ from DNA?
3. How does information “flow” from gene to protein? What is the central dogma of biology?
4. What are the 3 start codons? 1 stop?
5. What is the significance of the “universal code?”
6. Describe the 3 stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, termination
7. Describe the 3 stages of translation: initiation, elongation, termination
8. What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
9. How is tRNA’s structure related to its function?
10. How does the structure of the ribosome relate to its function?
11. Once made, how can proteins be targeted for specific sites within the cell?
12. How is mRNA processed before it leaves the nucleus?
13. Why do base-pair insertions and deletions have a greater effect than base-pair substitutions?
14. How does mutagenesis occur?
IB Questions:
***1. Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase. (see # 6 above)
***2. Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases.
***3. Explain the process of translation, leading to peptide linkage formation. (see # 7 above)
***4. Define the terms degenerate and universal as they relate to the genetic code.
***5. Explain the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide.
*********************** end of study guide
D. Review using APEX; also DNA sites in Virtual Share
Tuesday, Wednesday February 6th and 7th
I. Classwork
A. Go over quizzes/ 1st period is to complete theirs
B. Hand in replication essays
C. Check for study guide terms chapter 16
D. Show movie on replication and DNA for review.
E. Review directions for AP Lab # 7: Genetics of Organisms. The URL is in Friday of last week’s calendar. It is called the Virtual Fly lab.
F. Lecture: From Gene to Protein (one-gene one-polypeptide hypothesis; overview of protein synthesis; nucleotides; transcription and translation in detail ---- please note the three steps of both: initation, elongation, termination; also note all of the enzymes involved.)
II. Homework
A. Continue study guide questions (due Monday)
B. Work on Virtual Fly lab (due next Thursday/Friday)
C. Use APEX and DNA sites to visit (in Virtual Share) for review
Thursday, Friday February 8th and 9th
I. Classwork
A. Continue lecture on protein synthesis
II. Homework
A. Questions to chapter 16 due Monday
B. Quiz on chapter 16 Monday (on complete chapter)
C. Use APEX and DNA sites to visit (in Virtual Share) for review
Test next week (Thursday/Friday) on chapters 15 and 16.
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Week of January 29, 2007 IB Biology
Please note: I have exported your grades. I have individually reviewed both your 9-week and semester grades and, in some cases, have added a few points to either the Evolution packet or your exam to make the grade go up if you were “on the line.” In addition, I always add points to the exam grade for errors --- yours, mine, and the scantron --- so will not change grades on the exam if you find an error. Congratulations for your good grades and hard work. We still have a lot to do --- keep your energy up!
For Monday if you can: Read chapter 15 on DNA and you can begin the study guide below on the chapter.
**** New addition/added Monday January 29th 12:00 pm: I have attached below the AP info from Virtual Share. You can start studying on your own. Please see the **** parts of the Acorn Book as designated on this attachment. It is very important to know the themes, topic outlines, explanation of major themes, and labs. We will have tutoring sessions starting next week.
Monday, January 29th - no school
Tuesday, Wednesday January 30 and 31st
I. Classwork
A. Go over exams
B. Lecture: Chapter 15 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance ( two experiments showing that DNA was the molecule of life; Watson and Crick’s molecule; DNA’s structure and function; DNA replication; enzymes and proofreading
II. Homework
A. Read chapter 15 and do study guide (due Thursday/Friday):
Chapt 15 Study Guide
I. Define these terms:
James D. Watson
Francis H.C. Crick
DNA
RNA
transformation
bacteriophage
purine
adenine
guanine
pyrimidine
thymine
cytosine
nucleotide structure
sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate
carbons 1'-5'
hydrogen bonds
double helix
antiparallel strands
semiconservative replication
helicases
RNA primer
primase
DNA polymerase
leading strand
lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
proofreading
excision repair
I. Answer these Questions (1-16):
1. Describe Griffith's experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae which led to early information about the genetic material and transformation.
2. Describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment with the bacteriophages.
3. How did Rosalind Franklin contribution unknowingly to the structure of the DNA molecule?
4. Describe in detail the replication of DNA. Use p. 293 as your guide.
5. Briefly describe how Watson and Crick came to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
6 What are Charglaff's rules? What organisms obey these rules?
7 Diagram the basic structure of a nucleotide. Identify the carbon atoms in your diagram(use 1' to 5').
8 Diagram a purine and a pyrimidine.
9 What purines and what pyrimidines are found in DNA?
10 Diagram a small strand of DNA showing the hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G.
11 Draw a section of DNA showing the double helix structure.
12 What is meant when we say that the two strands of DNA are "antiparallel"?
13 Can DNA be made without a "template" of previously existing DNA?
14 What is semiconservative replication? Describe how DNA is replicated semiconservatively.
15 Are Okazaki fragments parts of ground up Japanese biologists? If not what are they?
16 In which direction is DNA copied? (3' to 5' or 5' to 3')
17 What is DNA "proofreading"? Does it work very well or are there a lot of mistakes that occur?
18 What do each of the following enzymes do? DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
19 Make and complete a chart similar to the following comparing DNA and RNA:
Number of Strands Type of Sugar Purines Pyrimidines
DNA
RNA
________________________________________
Thursday, Friday, February 1st and 2nd
I. Classwork
A. Check for and go over study guide
B. Continue lecture on DNA
C. Visit DNA online sites (site links are in Virtual Share)
II. Homework
A. Essay: Describe the replication of DNA. Include all enzymes and proofreading.
B. In preparation for a lab on genetics, read Lab Bench Lab # 7 “Genetics of Organisms.” It is in 12 AP Labs folder in Virtual Share. You will follow the lab format but, instead of using live flies, you will go:
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol114/Vfly1.asp (The Virtual Fly)
C. Quiz Monday on Chapter 15
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
AP Biology Preparation
I. AP Biology “Acorn” Outline – describes exactly what you need to study. This is a must!!! This is what we will follow during our tutoring sessions.
http://www.mariemontschools.org/halsall/aptestsample.htm
A. Major Themes (***very important)
B. Topic Outline (*** very important; a detailed description) pp. 6-8
C. Explanation of Major Themes (***very important)
D. The 12 Recommended Labs (*** very important; with individual summary of each)
E. Practice Multiple Choice Questions (with answers) - pp. 21-36
F. Essay Questions – pp. 37-40
G. Labs -pp. 11-20
II. Practice Multiple Choice Questions – also provides answers
http://www.mariemontschools.org/halsall/aptestsample.htm
III. Sample Free-Response Questions (Essays) – from The College Board site
http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/prep_free.html#bio
IV. Do’s and Don’ts When Writing the Essays
http://www.mariemontschools.org/halsall/aptestsample.htm
V. Interactive Animations
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm
VI. AP Sites – contains complete year-long curricula
1. http://www.hwscience.com/Bio/AP%20Biology/APBiology.html
2. http://www.mariemontschools.org/halsall/apbio.htm
3. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ap_biology_chapter_objectives%20&%20outlines.htm
4. http://www.longwood.k12.ny.us/lhs/science/apbio/aplinks.html
5. http://www.jdenuno.com/APBiology/APBIO.htm
6. http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/biology/AP_biology/
7.http://www.ekcsk12.org/science/apbio/aplinks.html
8. http://www.guilford.k12.ct.us/~ghsscience/apbio/links.html
VII. University of Georgia official AP site
https://www.csun.edu/science/ref/curriculum/advanced_placement/ap_biology/ap_biology.html
***********************************************************************
This message added Wednesday, January 17th: You have been assigned a test for Thursday/Friday on mitosis, meiosis, and genetics problems. I am counting the exam review # 2 ( on Topic 3) as a test grade. Study the IB syllabus questions for this test (topic 3). There is one question on linked genes which is not in the syllabus.
Over the weekend of January 13 and 14 and Monday, 15th: Homework:
(1) data-based questions and multiple choice questions handed out in class (1st period did some; 4th will have to do all)
(2) karytype questions –see last week’s assignment if you did not do it. Turn it in Tuesday/Wednesday
(3) exam review – according to the schedule below; you will also have a quiz on it each day until exams
(4) essay/written work on genetic diseases – see last week’s assignment on sickle cell anemia. You are to read the sites below( or others that answer the questions) and turn in essay form (your own handwriting) the answers to the following questions:
a. Genetic cause of sickle cell anemia
b. Symptoms and manifestations
c. Heterozygote superiority
(5) Here are the sites. This is due Thursday/Friday.
. 1. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sickle-cell-anemia/DS00324
2.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sicklecellanemia.html
3. http://www.bookrags.com/Heterozygote
Here is the exam review schedule and schedule for the quiz for each session:
For quiz on Tuesday/Wednesday January 16 and 17: Topic 1 and Topic 2 (omit 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8)
For quiz on Thursday/Friday January 18 and 19: Topic: 3 (omit 3.4)
For quiz on Monday January 22: Topic 4.3 (evolution) and 4.4 (classification)
Suggestion: Stay home this weekend and study. My work includes the exam review which, if you do in increments, should prepare you well. I suggest you study the IB Syllabus questions ( see Exam Format in Virtual Share); read the booklet sold to you at the beginning of school; and do the practice released tests (papers 1 especially; do a few of paper 2).
Week of January 15th IB Biology
Monday January 15th – holiday
Tuesday/Wednesday January 16 and 17
I. Classwork
A. Take up karyotype homework
B. Take quiz on exam review
C. Go over data based questions and multiple choice questions you had for homework
D. Go over genetic diseases
II. Homework _PLEASE SEE ADDED MESSAGE ABOVE!!!!!!)
A. Do essay/worksheet on genetic diseases
B. Do exam review according to schedule
C. Read Chapter 14 DNA and do study guide on DNA’s structure only
D. Quick test on mitosis, meiosis, genetics problems (see added message above!!!) - The test will be the exam review # 2 covering the IB Topic 3 syllabus questions)
Thursday/Friday January 18 and 19
I. Classwork
A. Take quiz on exam review; take quick test on mitosis, meiosis, Genetics problems
B. Lecture: DNA
II. Homework
A. Exam review according to schedule
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Week of January 8th IB Biology
Over the weekend: Do the genetics problems in Virtual Share. I have copied them below. The **** ones are for 4th period . 1st period already were told which ones to do.
If you feel you need more practice, do the others not with ***. The answers are provided.
Genetics Problems with Answers for Students
Website is: http://www.lander.edu/flux/101_genetics_answers.htm
*Look over. 1. Given the following parental genotypes, show all possible gametes that each could form. Circle each gamete. Note: different gamete types are separated by commas in the table below.
Genotype Gametes:
AA A
Aa A, a
Bb B, b
bb b
cc c
AABB AB
AAbb Ab
Aabb Ab, ab
AaBb AB, Ab, aB, ab
AaBbCc ABC, ABc, Abc, AbC, aBc, aBC, abC, abc
* Mono. 2. In summer squash, white fruit color (W) is dominant over yellow (w). If a squash plant homozygous for white is crossed with one homozygous for yellow, what will be the apearance of the F1? of the F2? of the offspring of a cross of the F1 back to its white parent? of the offspring of a cross of the F1 back to its yellow parent?
Parents: WW (white) x ww (yellow)
F1: all white (Ww)
F2: 3/4 white (1/4 WW + 1/2 Ww) : 1/4 yellow (ww)
F1 white (Ww) x white parent (WW)
offspring: all white (1/2 WW + 1/2 Ww)
F1 white (Ww) x yellow parent (ww)
offspring: 1/2 white (Ww) : 1/2 yellow (ww)
* Mono. 3. A white-fruited squash plant when crossed with a yellow-fruited one produces offspring about half of which are white and half yellow. What are the genotypes of the parents?
Note that the yellow parent must be homozygous ww.
The white parent may be either WW or Ww.
Note that 1/2 of the offspring from this cross are yellow (ww), therefore the white parent must be heterozygous (Ww).
4. Two white-fruited squash plants, when crossed with each other, produce about three-fourths white and one-fourth yellow offspring. What are the genotypes of these two parents? What will each produce if crossed with a yellow-fruited plant?
Note that a phenotypic ratio of 3/4 to 1/4 is what you expect from a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Ww x Ww).
Note that the second cross (to a yellow-fruited plant) is a testcross (a cross beetween an individual with the dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive parent). The progeny expected from such a cross (Ww x ww) are:
1/2 white (Ww) : 1/2 yellow (ww)
* Incom. Dom. 9. In cattle the polled (hornless) condition (P) is dominant over the horned (p) phenotype. A particular polled bull is bred to three cows. With cow A, which is horned (), a horned () calf is produced; with a polled cow B () a horned calf is produced; and with horned cow C () a polled calf is produced. What are the genotypes of the bull and the three cows, and what phenotypic ratios do you expect in the offspring of these three matings?
Note that horned is recessive, therefore you know that any horned animals must have the genotype "pp"
Therefore, you know that cows A and C are homozygous recessive (pp)
Because the polled bull (Pp or PP) produced horned calves, you know it must be heterozygous (Pp)
Because the polled bull (Pp) and polled cow B produced a horned calf (pp), cow B must also be heterozygous (Pp)
Phenotypic ratios expected from each mating:
Cow A or C (pp) x bull (Pp)
F1: 1/2 polled (Pp) : 1/2 horned (pp)
Cow B (Pp) x bull (Pp)
F1: 3/4 polled (1/4 PP + 1/2Pp) : 1/4 horned (pp)
11. In cocker spaniels, solid coat color is dominant over spotted coat. Suppose a true-breeding solid colored dog is crossed with a spotted dog and the F1 dogs are interbred. What is the probability that the first puppy born from this F1 cross will have a spotted coat.
Let's call the dominant allele for solid color "A" and the recessive allele for spotted "a". The parental cross is therefore AA x aa, and all of the F1 progeny will be heterozygous (Aa).
Selfing the F1 will produce 3/4 solid coats (1/2 Aa + 1/4 AA) and 1/4 spotted coats (aa)
Therefore, the probability that the first puppy will be spotted is 1/4.
12. In humans, differences in the ability to taste phenylthiourea are due to a pair of autosomal alleles. Inability to taste is recessive (t) to ability to taste (T). A child who is a nontaster (tt) is born to a couple who can both taste the substance. What is the probability that their next child will be a taster?
Note that unaffected parents (tasters) have an affected child (nontaster).
Therefore, the parents must both be heterozygous (Tt)
A cross between two heterozygous individuals will produce 3/4 tasters (1/2 Tt + 1/4 TT) and 1/4 nontasters (tt)
Therefore, the probability that their next child will be a taster is 3/4.
* Incom. Dom15. In shorthorn cattle the heterozygous condition of the alleles for red coat color (R) and white coat color (R') is roan coat color. If two roan cattle are mated, what proportion of the progeny will resemble their parents in coat color?
Parents: Roan (RR') x Roan (RR')
F1: 1/4 Red (RR) : 1/2 Roan (RR') : 1/4 White (R'R')
Therefore, 1/2 of the progeny will resemble their parents.
17. In humans, widow's peak (W) is dominant over a continuous hairline (w) and short fingers (S) are dominant over long fingers (s). If a man that is homozygous for continuous hairline and short fingers marries a woman that is homozygous for widow's peak and long fingers, what will be the phenotypes expressed for these two characteristics by this couple's offspring?
Note: In the absence of other information, assume these are two unlinked (independently segregating) genes
Note that this is a dihybrid cross between two homozygous parents: ww SS x WW ss
Therefore, all of the progeny will have a widow's peak and short fingers (Ww Ss)
Part 2: If one of these children marries a mate with the same genotype, what will be the phenotypes expressed by their children and in what ratios?
Note that this is a "self" cross of double heterozygous parents: Ww Ss x Ww Ss
Therefore, the phenotypic ratios expected among the F2 are:
9/16 widow's peak, short fingers
3/16 widow's peak, long fingers
3/16 continuous hairline, short fingers
1/16 continuous hairline, long fingers
* Dihybrid19. In watermelons, the genes for green color and for short shape are dominant over their alleles for striped color and for long shape. Suppose a plant with long striped fruits is crossed with a plant that is heterozygous for both of these characters. What phenotypes would this cross produce and in what ratios?
Given the domance relationships described, assign allele as follows:
Green (G), striped (g), short (S), long (s)
Note that this is a cross between a homozygous recessive parent (long, striped) by a doubly heterozygous plant, which is essentially a testcross: gg ss X Gg Ss
Therefore, the phenotypic ratios expected among the progeny are:
1/4 green, short
1/4 green, long
1/4 striped, short
1/4 striped, long
20. In peas, a gene for tall plants (T) is dominant over its allele for short plants (t). The gene for smooth peas (S) is dominant over its allele for wrinkled peas (s). Calculate the phenotypic ratios for the results of each of the following crosses:
TT ss X tt SS:
All progeny will be tall, smooth (Tt Ss)
tt Ss X Tt ss:
1/4 tall, smooth : 1/4 tall wrinkled : 1/4 short, smooth : 1/4 short, wrinkled
Tt ss X tt ss:
1/2 tall wrinkled : 1/2 short, wrinkled
Tt Ss X Tt Ss:
Note that this is simply a dihybrid cross between two doubly heterozygous individuals (like selfing the F1). Therefore the expected phenotypic ratios are:
9/16 tall, smooth : 3/16 tall wrinkled : 3/16 short, smooth : 1/16 short, wrinkled
* Multiple Alleles 28. In humans, the ABO blood type is characterized by 3 alleles, IA, IB, and i. The i allele is recessive to both IA and IB, which are codominant to each other (which means that both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote). For each of the following problems, state whether the child mentioned can actually be produced from the marriage. Explain your answer.
Note, blood types (phenotypes) are determined as follows:
Genotype Phenotype
IAIA or IAi A
IBIB or IBi B
ii O
IAIB AB
(a) A type O child from the marriage of two individuals with blood type A:
Possible. The child must be genotypically ii, the two parents could both be heterozygous, IAi
(b) A type O child from the marriage of an individual with blood type A to an individual with blood type B:
Possible. The child must be genotypically ii, the two parents could each be heterozygous, IAi, and IBi
(c) A type AB child from the marriage of an individual with blood type A to an individual with blood type O:
NOT Possible. Neither parent carries an IB allele, so the child cannot possibly be IAIB
(d) A type O child from the marriage of an individual with blood type AB to an individual with blood type A:
NOT Possible. The child must inherit a recessive i allele from both parents, but the AB parent does not carry one (AB = IAIB)
(e) A type A child from the marriage of an individual with blood type AB to an individual with blood type B:
Possible. The parents could be genotypically IAIB and IBi. The could then be heterozygous, IAi
30. If a mother and her child belong to blood group O, to which blood group could the father not belong?
If the child is blood type O, it must be genotypically ii. Therefore, both parents must contribute a recessive i allele and the father could not be blood type AB (IAIB)
32. A woman who has type A blood bears a child who has type O blood. The woman's husband has blood type B, and he feels that this proves that he is not the biological father of the child. Is he justified in this assumption? Use genotypes to illustrate your answer.
No, he is not justified. If the child is blood type O, it is genotypically ii, and must have inherited a recessive i allele from both parents. The mother could be IAi and the father could be IBi
* Sex linkage 33. Colorblind man mated to a normal woman. (1st period’s may be different)
Here is the continuation of the calendar for the Week of January 8. Please note that on Wednesday during 4th Dr. Atalay will be our guest speaker. I will have to re-arrange the schedule.
Monday. January 8th
I. Classwork
A. Continue working genetics problems – go over the ones in Virtual Share ( or see above). Be able to distinguish between: mono, di, incomplete dom, c0-dom, sex linkage, multiple alleles. Learn/memorize the notations for each.
II. Homework
A. Complete vocabulary words 28-56 from study guide. This is in Virtual Share chapter 13.
B. Work additional genetics problems if you feel you need to. I have put them in Virtual Share (called Nonmendelian Genetics Problems) as well as below this week’s calendar.
C. Quiz Tuesday/Wednesday on all 5 types of genetics problems.
Please note: Dr. Atalay will be the guest speaker on Wednesday. I will have to rearrange the schedule.
Tuesday/Wednesday January 9th and 10th
I. Classwork
A. Go over sample genetics problems.
B. Take quiz.
C. Check for/go over vocabulary terms.
D. Lecture Chapter 13 Mendelian Genetics (there are two sets of notes in Virtual Share: the Campbell powerpoints and “Notes.” ) Please refer to these/read ahead, etc. so you can take notes easily during class.
II. Homework
A. Quiz on terms (especially # 28-56)
B. In Virtual Share Chapter 13 there is a folder entitled Karytypes. Go to the bulleted disorders; view the karyotypes; describe the genetic disorder in terms of chromosome mutation and how it manifests itself. This is to be in your own handwriting as all homework is to be.
C. Work additional genetics problems if needed.
Thursday,Friday January 11th and 12th
I. Classwork
A. Complete lecture if needed
B. Take quiz on terms
C. Complete lab on cells (started before holiday)
II. Homework
A. In Virtual Share, locate the folder entitled Sickle Cell Anemia ( you can also use other internet sites). Read the sites and write an essay ( in your own handwriting) on:
1. Genetic cause
2. Symptoms and manifestations
3. Heterozygote superiority
B. Test Tuesday/Wednesday on mitosis ( few questions); meiosis (more questions); gametogenesis; Mendel’s laws, Mendelian genetics problems, etc.
Extra problems if you need help:
Nonmendelian Punnett Square Problems Name ______________________________
Block ____________ Date _____________
1) Red Fruit is dominant to yellow fruit in tomato plants. If you cross a hybrid red plant with a yellow tomato plant, what phenotypes are possible in the offspring?
genotype of red plant= _________ genotype of yellow plant= _________
Phenotypes of Offspring:
__________________________________________________________
2) Curled ears are dominant to normal ears in cats. A cat breeder crosses a female heterozygous curled ear with a male homozygous curled ear. What are the probabilities that the kittens will be curled ear?
genotype of mother= ____________ genotype of father= ____________
Probability of curled eared cats= _______________
What percentage of kittens will be purebred kittens? ___________
A cat breeder can get $700 for a pure bred curled ear kitten. The two
cats described above have a litter of 8 kittens.
How many should be homozygous curled eared? ________________
How much money will the breeder make off of these kittens? _________________
3) Phenotype Genotype
Type A IAIA or IAi
Type B IBIB or IBi
Type AB IAIB
Type O ii
What are the possible blood types & the probability of the offspring
between a type AB woman and a type O man?
Blood Type ___________ Probability= ________ Blood Type_____________ Probability= _______
4) Mr. and Mrs. Smith’s baby has become mixed up with Mr. and Mrs. Jones baby.
Mr. Smith has blood type A and Mrs. Smith has blood type B.
Mr. Jones has blood type O and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB.
Which baby is the Jones’ and which is the Smith’s?
Baby A has blood type O Baby B has blood type B
5) In rabbits, black fur is dominant over brown fur. A rabbit farmer has a black rabbit and wants to find out if it is a pure bred of a hybrid.
a) What type of rabbit should he cross his black rabbit with? _________________________________________
b) The babies come out half black and half brown. What was the genotype of the black rabbit? _____________
6) Phenotype Genotype Muscular Dystrophy (MD) is a severe disease which
Normal male XY usually results in death by the age of 30. It causes muscle
Normal female XX or XmX weakness and respiratory failure.
Dystrophy male XmY
Dystrophy female XmXm
A woman who is a carrier for muscular dystrophy and a normal male want to have children. What are the chances that they will have a child with muscular dystrophy?
Probability of child with MD? ________________
What are the chances they will have a MD daughter? _____________
What are the chances they will have a MD son? _________________
7) A man with MD and a normal woman have children.
Do any of the children have MD? _________________
Is there a chance that they will have MD
grandsons from their daughters? ___________________
What are the chances that they will have MD
grandsons from their sons? ________________________
8) Phenotype Genotype Orofacial digital syndrome is a syndrome in which
normal male XY the affected individual has abnormalities in the face,
normal female XX mouth, fingers and toes. It is a dominant genes and
OD male XDY if an individual has one of the OD genes, they have
OD female XDX or XDXD the syndrome.
A normal female and an OD male have a child. What are the chances that
the child will be an OD male? An OD female?
Probability of OD male? ________________
Probability of an OD female? _____________
9. In hogs, a fused toe (F) is dominant over normal, separate toes (f). A heterozygous fused toe boar and a normal toed sow have 12 piglets. How many are normal toed and how many are fused toe?
genotype of boar _____________ genotype of sow ____________
number of normal toed piglets: ______________
number of fused toe piglets: _________________
10. In pea plants, yellow seed color (Y) is dominant over green seed color (y) and round peas (R) are dominant over wrinkled peas (r). A farmer crosses 2 hybrid yellow, round pea plants. What are the chances of the following offspring?
genotype of a hybrid yellow, round pea plant: _____________
possible allele combinations form a hybrid yellow, pea plant:
_________ _________ _________ _________
Chance of having a yellow, round pea plant: ____________
Chance of having a yellow, wrinkled pea plant: __________
Chance of having a green, round pea plant: ______________
Chance of having a green, wrinkled pea plant: ___________
11. In pea plants, yellow seed color (Y) is dominant over green seed color (y) and round peas (R) are dominant over wrinkled peas (r). A farmer crosses a green, wrinkled plant with a hybrid yellow, wrinkled plant. He harvests 3,000 lbs of seeds from this cross. How many of the seeds will be yellow and wrinkled? How many will be green and round? How many will be green and wrinkled?
genotype of green, wrinkled plant: ____________ genotype of hybrid yellow, wrinkled: ____________
possible allele combinations from green, wrinkled plant: ___________
possible allele combinations from hybrid yellow, wrinkled: ____________ ____________
Number of yellow, wrinkled seeds: ____________
Number of green, round seeds: ________________
Number of green, wrinkled seeds: ____________
12. Cows exhibit incomplete dominance with their colors. They can be black (BB), brown (RR) or roan (BR). A black cow and a brown bull are crossed. What are the chances they will have a roan calf? A black calf?
genotype of cow: ___________ genotype of bull: ___________
Chances of having a roan calf: ______________
Chances of having a black calf: ______________
13. Phenotype Genotype
Type A IAIA or IAi a. A woman is type A.
Type B IBIB or IBi What 2 genotypes could she be? _____________________
Type AB IAIB
Type O ii b. What is the genotype of a type O person? ___________
A type A woman has a father who was type O. She marries a man who is type AB. What are the chances they will have a type B baby?
genotype of woman: ____________ genotype of man: ____________
Chances of having a type B baby: _______________
14. Colorblindness and hemophilia are carried on the X gene.
The genotypes and phenotypes for both traits are shown below.
Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype
Normal Male XY Normal Male XY
Normal Female XX or XXc Normal Female XX or XXh
Colorblind Male XcY Hemophilia Male XhY
Colorblind Female XcXc Hemophilia Female XhXh
a. A normal female who has a colorblind father has a child with a normal male.
What are the chances they will have a colorblind child? colorblind son?
genotype of female: ___________ genotype of male: ___________
chances of a colorblind child: ________________
chances of a colorblind son: _________________
b. A man had a normal mother and a hemophilia father. He wants to have a child
with a woman who has a hemophilia mother and a normal father. What are the
chances they will have a hemophilia son or daughter?
genotype of female: ___________ genotype of male: ___________
chances of a hemophilia daughter: ________________
chances of a hemophilia son: _____________________
15) Incomplete Dominance is shown in snapdragon flowers. There are red (RR), white (WW) and pink (RW) flowers. What are the chances that a red and pink flower will have red, white or pink offspring?
genotype of parent 1= ________ genotype of parent 2 = _______
Probability of pink flowers= _____________
Probability of white flowers= ____________
Probability of red flowers= _____________
16) Coat color in cows shows incomplete dominance. Cows can be black (BB), brown (RR) or roan (BR). A farmer crosses a brown bull and a roan cow. What are the chances that they will have a brown, black or roan calf?
genotype of bull= _________ genotype of cow = ________
Probability of a brown calf= ______________
Probability of a black calf= ________________
Probability of a roan calf = ________________
Can a roan cow be a pure bred? ___________ Why? _______________________________________________
17) A farmer crosses a pink snap dragon with a pink snapdragon and gets 1,000 seeds. How many of these seeds should be red? How many should be white? How many should be pink?
genotype of pink flower= ______ genotype of pink flower= ______
Number of white seeds = _________________
Number of pink seeds = __________________
Number of red seeds = ___________________
18) Phenotype Genotype
Type A IAIA or IAi a. Mr. & Mrs. Jones have a baby that is blood type O.
Type B IBIB or IBi What is the child’s genotype? _______________________
Type AB IAIB
Type O ii b. Mr. Jones is type A. What must his genotype be for a type O child to be his? _____________________________
c. What are 3 possible genotypes for Mrs. Jones if she has a type O baby? _____________________________
19) Phenotype Genotype
Type A IAIA or IAi (AA or AO)
Type B IBIB or IBi (BB or BO)
Type AB IAIB (AB)
Type O ii (OO)
Mr. and Mrs. Smith are both type AB. Which child below could
not possibly be their genetic offspring? (circle the answer)
Jessica is Type O Mark is Type A Mary is Type B Beth is Type AB
20) A woman is type B and has a type O child. She does not know who the father of her child is and gets blood samples from 4 possible candidates. Which of the men is her child’s father? (circle the answer)
Bob has Type AB Joe has Type B (IBIB) Ben has Type A (IAIA) Jay has Type A
21) Colorblindness and Hemophilia are sex linked traits- they are carried on the X chromosome.
Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype
Normal Male XY Normal Male XY
Normal Female XX or XXc Normal Female XX or XXh
Colorblind Male XcY Hemophilia Male XhY
Colorblind Female XcXc Hemophilia Female XhXh
What is the genotype of a colorblind male? ___________ What is the phenotype of XhXh? _______________
22) A purebred normal female and a colorblind male want to have children. What is the probability of having colorblind daughters and sons? Is there a probability of grandchildren ever having colorblindness?
Genotype of mom= ___________ Genotype of dad = ____________
Probability of colorblind girls= _______________
Probability of colorblind sons= _______________
Is there a probability of grandchildren ever being color blind? ____________
23) A woman who is a hemophilia carrier has children with a normal male. What are the chances that they will have a hemophilia son? A hemophilia daughter?
Genotype of Mom= ___________ Genotype of dad= ____________
Probability of hemophilia sons? _______________
Probability of hemophilia daughters: _____
*********************************************************************
Week of January 1st
Monday, January 1st - holiday
Tuesday, Wednesday January 2 and 3
I. Classwork
A. Take up evolution packet
B. Review meiosis
C. Do pop bead lab - meiosis
D. Start chapter 13 Mendelian genetics - introduce terms (Punnett square; P1, F1, phenotype, genotype, allele, locus, etc.)
II. Homework
A. Define the 1st 27 words on Chpt 13 study guide. I do not have this in Virtual Share. You will or already have a copy. Here are the words -- they must be done in your own handwriting as we have already established.
1. F1 generation 2. F 2 generation
3. P generation
4. Mendel's Laws
5. Law of probability
6. gene
7. dominant
8. recessive
9. locus
10. allele
11. homozygous
12. heterozygous
13. genotype
14. phenotype
15. Punnett sqyare
16. moohybrid cross
17. dihybrid cross
18. trihybrid cross
19. test cross
20. incomplete dominance
21. codiminance
22. multiple alleles
23. sex linkedf
24. autosome
25. sex chromosome
26. X chromosome
27. Y chromosome
B. Mr. Jonson's fill in the4 blanks due also (assigned prior to the break)
C. Read chapter 13 Mendel and the Gene Idea
Thursday, Friday January 4 and 5
I. Classwork
A. Hand back papers
B. Go over homework terms
C. Lecture: Mendel and the Gene Idea ( Mendel, his laws, 5 types of problems we will be doingt: mono; di; incomplete dom; sex linkage; multiple alleles
II. Homework
A. Work genetics problems ( in Virtual Share in Chapter 13 chapter - the worksheet with answers that we wnet over in class - do only those with a ***)
B. Essay: "Discuss the laws of Mendel and how they apply to our study of genetics. Discuss deviations of his laws, too. " This is due Tuesday/Wednesday and must be in your own handwriting.
Reminder for next week: complete cell lab
**************************************************************************
Over the holiday:
1. Evolution packet - in your own hand writing; your own work and pledged; due the 1st day upon your return
2. Meiosis - quiz on stages of meiosis I and II on the day of your return
3. Mr. Johnson's 100 plus questions on mitosis
3. Students taking the AP Bio test in the spring can go to AP Central and start studying: practice essay questions and multiple choice questions
****************************************************************************
Week of December 11th IB Biology
Over the weekend: Locate 2 microscopic fields of mitotic cells and count the number of cells in each stage of mitosis. 1st period knows how to compute this into the number of minutes for each stage over a 24 hour period. We will discuss this for 4th period.
Here are two sites where you can access the microscopic field. Make a tally of the number of cells in each stage of mitosis. This will count as two trials.
Site # 1: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/labpics/lab6pics.htm
Site # 2: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/01.html
Here is the lab directly from Virtual ShareOnion Root Tip Lab if you want more directions.
1. The Lab:
http://www.ekcsk12.org/science/aplabreview/lab03.htm
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/
2. Additional sites
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/labpics/lab6pics.htm ( great close up of cells in each stage)
DIRECTIONS:
1. Read AP Lab No. 3: Mitosis and Meiosis at the above Czaremba site. You will notice it is divided into two sections: (I) drawing the stages of mitosis and (II) determining the length of time each stage is
2. For Part I, you can either view the cells with a microscope and prepared slide or use the following site that shows images of the various stages. Click on interphase through telophase for each stage.
http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/academics/biology/mitosis.html
3. For Part II ( which is the most important) you can use the same site and view the following:
a. longitudinal section of an onion root tip (just to get an overallview of what it looks like; each small square is a cell in either a stage of mitosis or in interphase. Please check out your book and determine where the following are located: region of mitosis; region of elongation; maturation region. Draw this on your paper (plain typing paper) and label with a straight edge and according to labeling rules.
b. the apical meristem - Count the number of cells found in each stage ( as well as interphase) and place that number in the chart on Lab No. 3. What does this number provide you with? ___________(hence, the purpose of the lab).
**** end of lab; see below calendar for Dec 11 ****
Please note: Macromolecule day will be Tuesday/Wednesday for 1st and 4th periods.
Monday, December 11th
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on cell division
B. Discuss mitosis lab ( will be due on Thursday/ Friday of this week)
II. Homework
A. Write an essay on the following. It is to be in your own hand-writing and due on Tuesday/Wednesday:
“How does meiosis increase genetic variation? Discuss at least three ways.”
B. Mitosis lab is due Thursday/Friday. This is a formal lab write-up using DC and
DPP only. Please follow all of the handouts on proper lab write ups.
C. Read chapter 12 Meiosis and do study guide. It is due Thursday/Friday. Here is the study guide on meiosis. It is also in Virtual Share.
CHAPTER 12 Study Guide: MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
Read Chapter 12
I. Terms to Define
A. synapsis
B. chiasmata
C. tetrad
D. homologous chromosome
E. gametophyte/sporophyte generations
F. somatic cell
G. crossing over
II. Questions to Answer
1. Define and give an example of:
a. Asexual Reproduction
b. Sexual Reproduction
2. What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
3. What is a karyotype?
4. Identify several things the can be seen with a karyotype?
5. Label the diagram of the human lifecycle. Include the chromosome numbers.
6. Compare the products of mitosis with meiosis.
7. Meiosis is said to be a double division. Discuss the importance of meiosis I and II.
8. Meiosis is an important source of variation. Define and describe how each of the following contributes to variation within a species. (You should have done this on your essay).
a. Independent Assortment
b. Random fertilization
c. Crossing Over
9. Draw a pair of homologous chromosomes and indicate a crossing over event and the products.
11. What is the significance of genetic variation and natural selection?
D. Be working on your winter break assignment.
Tuesday/Wednesday December 12th and 13th
I. Classwork
A. IB Syllabus Test on Cells (all of topic I). The format of the test is short answer questions.
B. Macromolecule Day
C. Lab: Elodea (if time permits)
II. Homework
A. Study guide due Thursday/Friday
B. Mitosis lab due Thursday/Friday
Thursday, Friday December 14th and 15th
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: Meiosis
B. Lab: Elodea (if not completed on Tuesday/Wednesday)
E. Do Mr. Johnson’s Study Guide (112 questions – fill in the blank only). Here is the website to locate them. This is also in Virtual Share:
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/cellreprostudy.html
Use Campbell to locate your answers, not the internet. In order to do this, you
will need to read the chapter 1st and then answer each question. This is due Thursday/Friday after the holiday.
F. Take up mitosis lab
II. Homework
A. Winter break evolution packet. This is to be your own work, in yur own handwriting, and pledged. This is not to be a collaborative assignment with your classmates. Everyone is to do his/her own work. This is due the first day we return. This will count a test score. -10 for each day late.
Evolution Unit - Winter Break Packet
IB Biology
This is your winter break packet. It is to be your own work; pledged; in your own hand-writing. Please use the Campbell text for your answers. Do not copy/paste from the internet. Please use complete sentences with correct grammer. This is due the first day upon your return at the beginning of the period. It is to count one test score.
Chapter 20
1. Define evolution.
2. What were the two major points Darwin stressed in his theory? Why is this sometimes called
the “Darwin-Wallace” theory of evolution?
3. Describe the following theories of evolution that predated that of Darwin:
a. catastrophism (Cuvier)
b. gradualism (Hutton)
c. use and disuse/inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarck) - Discuss the
mechanism of, and lack of evidence for, the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Discuss other theories for the origin of species including special creation and panspermia.
4. Discuss the theory that species evolve by natural selection.
5. Do populations tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support? Provide two examples.
6. Was is one consequence of the overproduction of offspring in populations?
7. Do members of reproducing monerans show variations? Do eukaryotes? Explain how sexual reproduction promotes variation in a species.
8. How does natural selection lead to an increase in the reproduction of organisms with favorable heritable variations. You may use Darwin’s finches as an example.
9. Explain two examples of evolution in response to environmental change. One must be multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The other can be the classic example of the “peppered moth.”
10. Discuss in essay form the four evidences of evolution. Provide definitions and examples. Especially discuss homologous structures. How can the scientific method be applied for further investigation?
11. Descriibe the evidence of evolution as shown by the geographical distribution of livibng organism, including the distribution of placental, marsupial, and monotreme animals.
Chapter 21
1. What is a gene pool? Provide an example of one.
2. The Hardy-Weinberg law describes the genetics of a nonevolving population. Provide the equation for the law and then discuss it in your own words.
3. Discuss how the following can cause evolution in populations. Provide examples of each, too.
a. genetic drift (bottleneck and the founder effect)
b. gene flow
c. mutations
d. nonrandom mating
4. Discuss: Genetic variations is the substrate for natural selection.
5. What does selection act on?
6. Discuss and provide examples for the following modes of selection:
a. stabilizing
b. directional
c. diversifying
Chapter 22
1. There are many types of reproductive barriers that can separate species. Define and provide an example of each:
a. prezygotic barriers:
habitat isolation
behavorial isolation
temporal isolation
mechanical isolatyion
gametic isolation
b. postzygotic barriers
2. Geographical isolation can lead to the origin of species. Define and provide examples of:
a. allopatric speciation
b. sympatric speciation
3. Look a figure 22.14 of the two models of two theories for the tempo of speciation. Discuss the two theories.
Chapter 23
1. How do fossils form? Outline how remains of past living organisms have been preserved.
2. Discuss the tool of radioactive dating used by paleontologists. Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to CC-14 and K-40. Include in your discussion a definition of half-life. (Be able to deduce the approximate age of materials based on a simple decay curve for the radioisotope.)
3. How are scientific names formed?
4. Into what groups do taxonomists place organisms?
5. Provide specific examples of how molecular biology provides tools for taxoonomy (DNA and amino acid sequencing/protein structure).
Chapter 24
1. According to evolutionists, when did life begin on the earth? Describe the conditions on the primordial earth, including, temperature, lighting, UV light, and atmosphere
2. Draw a timeline to show major events in evolutionary history.
3. The experiment performed by Miller and Urey in 1953 was a classic. What were they trying to prove? Describe the lab.
4. What were the first life forms like?
5. Why is it believed that RNA was the first genetic material? Discuss the possible role of RNA as the first molecule capable of replicating.
6. Discuss the hypothesis that the first catalysist responsible for polymerization reactions were clay minerals and RNA.
7. Discuss a possible origin of membranes and prokaryotic cells.
8. Discuss the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotes.
Chapter 30 (Human Evolution pp. 654-662)
1. State fully the classification of man from kingdom to subspecies.
2. Descriibe the major features that define humans as primates --- especially the adaptations for tree living.
3. Describe the anatomical and biochemical evidence that suggest that humans are a bipedal species of African ape that spread to colonize new areas.
4. Outline the features, ecology and suggested behaviors of the following:
a. A. afarensis
b. A. africanus
c. A. robustus
d. Homo habilis
e. H. erectus
f. H. neanderthalensis
g. Homo sapiens
5. Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and uncertainties about evolution.
6. Discuss the origin of bipedalism and increase in brain size.
7. Outline the difference bvetween genetic and cultural evolution. Provcide examples. Why are they important in human evolution?
Have a great winter break!
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Week of December 4th IB Biololgy
Over the weekend: The Group 4 papers will be presented on Monday in the IB office. You have been given a time for your group presentation. Please be prepared and on time. During class on Monday, you will have a quiz on the following questions. Please re-read the chapter and be prepared for the quiz. Here are the questions for the quiz:
1. How do the "fluid" and the "mosaic" components of the membrane determine its functions?
2. Discuss how cells can recognize each other.
3. List 6 membrane proteins and their functions.
4. What determines the permeability of the membrane? What easily goes through? What does not?
5. What happens to plant/animal cells when placed in hypo/hypertonic solutions?
6. Howe does the sodium-potasium pump work? Know in detail p. 152
7. How does a proton pump work? Know in detail p. 153
8. Define and give an example of co-transport.
9. Define and give examples of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Monday, December 4th
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on questions on cell membrane ( see above).
I. Read chapter 11 and be doing study guide (due Thursday/Friday). It is assumed you already know a lot about this chapter.
Tuesday/Wednesday, December 5th and 6th
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: Mitosis (importance, binary fission in bacteria, the cell cycle, stages of mitosis, importance of the kinetochore, cytokinesis, the control of cell division, cancer cells)
II. Homework
A. Study guide is due Thursday/Friday
Thursday/Friday December 7th and 8th
I. Classwork
A. Go over study guide
B. Complete lecture on cell division
II. Homework
A., Worksheets on mitosis
B. Quiz Monday on mitosis
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Week of November 27th IB Biology
Please note: I will be adding details to this week’s work.
Monday, November 27th
I. Classwork
A. Lab – Cells
II. Homework
A. Study guide on cell membrane due Tuesday/Wednesday; in your own handwriting
Tuesday, Wednesday November 28th and 29th
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: Cell membrane
II. Homework
A. Quiz on cell membrane – structure and function
Thursday, Friday November 30th and December 1st
I. Classwork
A. Quiz – cell membrane
B. Complete lecture on cell membrane; do the following in class tutorials. Please note that you will have to turn in the answers to some of the sites. These are to be turned in at the end of the period to the teacher. The remainder of the sites are to be completed for homework (those without written answers). This page is also in Virtual Share under "ib sites to visit." Please access the following links in the following order. Turn in your work at the end of the period.
Great Sites for the Cell Membrane
1. Cell Membrane Structure – Read all of the text and click all of the “begins.”
http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/ .
2. The Biology Project – Click on Cell Biology; then click on cell membrane.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/default.html
Click on cell membranes; click on cell membranes again to go to cell membrane tutorial;
Answer questions 1,2,3,4,5,6,9,11,12,3,14. These are to be turned in at the end of the period.
3. Access Cells Alive at http://www.cellsalive.com/. Click on each of the links below. Write a paragraph describing each. This is due at the end of the period.
1. Click on How Big Is A?
2. Plant and Animal Cell Models
3. Cell CAMS
4. Cytoskeleton
5. Apoptosis
6.Quiz on Cell Structure and Function
4. Tutorials to Visit. Go to this site and click on the following:
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm
a. Membrane transport (Purdue)
b. Interactive Cellular Transport (Boyer)
c. Construction of the Cell Membrane
d. Osmosis Examples ( do the 6 sample questions and check your answers) – Very important. You will have this on a quiz on Monday.
e. Osmosis (Brown)
f. Passive and active transdport (Northland) – very inportant – You will have to describe proton pumps and Na-K pump.
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II. Homework
A. Test Monday on cell membrane (short answer essay only); Tuesday/Wednesday will be the multiple choice section
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Please note: The final Group 4 presentation is due Monday, December 4th (not the Monday after Thanksgiving). Be preparing this over the holiday. The final product could be: slide show with discussion from each member of the group; debate; play/video; court scene; newspaper reporter investigating a crime, etc. Next week you will have to turn in your peer evaluation and your log of hours. You have a study guide on the cell membrane that is due Monday when you return from Thanksgiving. It is below following Wednesday's assignments and also in Virtual Share in Chapter 7 Cell Membrane.
Week of November 20th IB Biology
Over the weekend of November 18th and 19th: Study for a cell test. It will be multiple choice only. Short answers/essays will be on the next test along with the cell membrane. This will be after the holiday.
Monday, November 20
I. Classwork – Cell test
II. Homework
A. Prepare the presentation for Group 4 (to be given the Monday after the holiday).
B. Due Tuesday/Wednesday after the holiday: Read Cell Membrane chapter 7 and do study guide that is below and in Virtual Share. The answers are to be hand-written..Also go over the Power Point Lecture on your own.
Tuesday/Wednesday – November 21 (only 1st period – 4th period goes to IB Ceremony)
I. Classwork
A. Lab- Cells ( prepared slides of cells; living organisms will be viewed after Thanksgiving hoiday)
II. Homework
A. As above for Monday
Here is the Study Guide that is due Monday when you return from Thanksgiving:
The Cell Membrane
Study Guide
1. The current model that describes the cell membrane’s structure and function is the fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer-Nicolson. Describe the model, providing its historical evolution. Include in your answer a discussion of the former model proposed by Davson-Danielli. Why is this an outdated model?
2. Draw a diagram to show the fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane.
3. Explain how the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of the cell membrane.
4. What is the function of cholesterol on the cell membrane?
5. If “fluidity” is provided by the phospholipids, then what provides the “mosaic?” Explain how.
6. Describe how the cell membrane allows for cell to cell recognition.
7. Discuss how how the membrane’s organization results in its being selectively permeable.
8. Describe the functions of membrane proteins including the following:
a. hormone binding sites
b. enzymes
c. electron carriers
d. channels for passive transport
e. pumps for active transport
f. support
9. Define diffusion and osmosis and provide and example of each.
10. Describe how passive transport (diffusion) of materials occurs across the cell membrane. Include facilitated diffusion.
11. The direction of osmosis is determined by what?
12. What occurs to a plant cell is too much water enters it? An animal cell?
13. What occurs to a plant cell if too much water leaves it? An animal cell?
14. Describe how the contractile vacuole of the paramecium maintains homeostasis.
15. Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across cell membranes.
16. Define cotransport and provide an example.
17. Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large materials. Define and provide an example of each.
18. Define phagocytosis and provide an example in the amoeba and white blood cell.
19. Define pinocytosis and provide an example.
20. How does the cell membrane provide a site for the reception of signals to go to the inside of the cell? What is this called?
21. Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane. Refer to the former chapter and our discussion of the “endomembrane system.”
22. Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and reform during endocytosis and exocytosis. Access “The Virtual Cell” on the ibook for a great tutorial on this.
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Correction to "Group 4 Final Paper Expectations:" Under II.A you can do standard deviation if it applies but in your data use degrees of precision which is as such: If you measure something to be 4.3 cm, then the degree of precision would be + or - 0.1 cm. Refer to Errors and Uncertainties in Biology Internal Assessments.
Also, all biology students are to have 2 biology tests. One can be electrophoresis; the others can be blood typing, thread or hair analysis using the microscope as long as this is not the test performed by chemistry or physics.
Over the weekend of November 11 and 12: The final Group 4 paper is due on Thursday/Friday. It must be typed, completed, and in my hands at the beginning of the period. Please read the new policy regarding late work below on Monday’s Classwork (C). You will be receiving two grades: one for turn-in and one on the graded assignment.
Here is a general format to follow for the entire paper:
Group 4 Final Paper Expectations
I. Introduction
A. There should be a general introduction of about the topic. Include the scenario and what you are trying to accomplish.
B. Research – general research on forensic science.
C. General information on the topics you as a biologist will be testing.
D. Formulate a hypothesis on who committed the crime based on observations, research but not results.
II. Tests
A. Bioloigcal Tests – include standard deviation in your data; label all charts and graphs
1. Test # 1 – following Pl(a), etc. plan
2. Test # 2 - “ “
B. Chemistry Tests – Write a paragraph briefly describing the experiment, its purpose, and results
C. Physics Tests – same as chemistry
III. Conclusion and Evaulation
A. Conclusion supporting or adopting the hypothesis using data. If possible, use measures of central tendency (mean, median, ,mode) and if any t-tests or chi-square analysis tests were done, please include. The words “statistical analysis: are important so try to utilize this.
B. Sources of error (human, systematic, random)
C. Ways to improve in the future
Please continue to work on cells. The work you have assigned for this week that is due Thursday/Friday was assigned last week. Do not wait until Thursday/Friday to complete it.
Week of November 13 IB Biology
Monday, November 13
I. Classwork
A. Warmup – Enzyme worksheet (former AP Biology test questions)
B. Lecture: The Cell – Organelles
C. Take up Group 4 Papers – They are due at the beginning of the period. You will receive two grades: a turn-in grade and a graded assignment grade. The turn-in grade will designate that you turned the work in on time. To receive a 100 (rather than a 0) on the turn-in grade, the paper must be typed and all components of the lab (Pl(a), etc.) must be included. If not, you will receive a 0. You will also have a graded assignment grade based on the contents of the lab --- using the IB rubric for grading.
II. Homework
– Here is a copy of the work assigned last week that is due this week:
B. A Tour of the Cell – last year’s notes – you as your own study outline
C. A Virtual Cell Worksheet – due Thursday/Friday
Here is a copy of Virtual Cell Worksheet questions:
THE VIRTUAL CELL
1. GO TO THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE FOR THIS ACTIVITY. This will serve as the basis for your lecture in class.
http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/chapter3.htm
2. When you have completed the Virtual Cell chapter, answer the following questions:
1. Describe the process in which proteins are packaged by the golgi body.
2. Describe the structure of lysosomes.
3. What are the functions of lysosomes.
4. What is autolysis?
5. Describe the outer and inner structure of mitochondria.
6. Why is the inner membrane of mitochondria ruffled?
7. Where might have mitochondria originated from? Why?
8. Describe the arrangement of microtubules that compose the centrioles. (Hint: look carefully at the image)
9. Describe the outer membrane of the nucleus.
10. Describe the inner contents of the nucleus.
11. Describe the appearance of the nucleolus.
12. Describe the appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum.
13. What makes rough ER "rough"?
D. Acceptable Biological Drawings questions a-h – due Thursday/Friday
E. IB Syllabus Questions Topic 1 Cells (1.1-1.3 Cells, Cell Theory,
Prokaryote Cells, Eukaryote Cells) - due Thursday/Friday
Study Guide on Cells should be completed – Remember to be in your own handwriting to be turned in.
Quiz – on organelles and the cell on Tuesday/Wednesday
Tuesday/Wednesday, November 14 and 15
I. Classwork
A. Movie: Cells
B. Lecture: Cells
A. Quiz – Cells
II. Homework
All of the above is due
Thursday/Friday November 16 and 17
I. Classwork
A. Complete lecture on cells if necessary
B. Go over all worksheets, study guides, etc.
C. Test Tuesday/Wednesday of next week on cells
Week of November 6 IB Biology
Over the weekend: You have a test on Monday on Chapter 6. Re-read the chapter, go over the study guide, go over the practice multiple choice questions and quizzes, go over the IB Syllabus Questions for this chapter 2.3 Enzymes ( if you do not have the complete set, go to one of the IB Syllabus sites that has the syllabus).
Notice: All study guides are to be hand-written from now on. They will be taken up when due.
Monday, November 6
I. Classwork
A. Test on Chapter 6 – ATP, Reactions, Enzymes
II. Homework
A. Read chapter 7 (Cells); you should have completed the study guide; quiz on organelles and their functions next time you meet after the enzyme lab. It looks as if 1st period will not be going into cells until after next week as on Monday you have the test and on Thursday you will be doing the enzyme lab. I am assuming you already have a good foundation on organelles. I will be going through this chapter quickly. You will have to study on your own and read the chapter well. I will be giving you worksheets to do independently.
Tuesday, November 7 – no school and Wednesday November 8th
I. Classwork
A. Lecture: The Cell (for 4th period)
B. Movie: Organelles of the Cell
C. Quiz – organelles
II. Homework
A. Data based questions a-c
B. Electrophoresis lab is due Thursday/Friday ( in Pl(a) etc format; also refer to Howe to Write a Lab Report to make sure you include all of the components). Each individual is to turn in a lab report. The only thing which can be shared is the data but each individual is to create his/her own chart with proper labeling.. Data analysis is to be done by each individual.
C. You can be working on the worksheets on cells. They will be due next week.
1. A Tour of the Cell – last year’s notes – you as your own study outline
2. A Virtual Cell Worksheet – due nexr week
3. Acceptable Biological Drawings questions a-h – due next week
4. IB Syllabus Questions Topic 1 Cells (1.1-1.3 Cells, Cell Theory, Prokaryote Cells, Eukaryote Cells) – be working on; due next week
Thursday, Friday November 9th and 10th
I. Classwork
A. Warmup – Enzyme questions 1-3 (using spectrophotometer questions)
A. 1st- lab on enzymes 4th – Continue lecture on the cell
II. Homework
A. Enzyme lab is due Nov 16 and 17 – This is to be a formal lab in Pl(a) format. Refer to the How to Write a Lab Report site; only data can be the same yet must be put in chart and graph by each individual.
B. Work on Group 4 project. The paper is due Nov. 13th --- typed and due at the beginning of the period. Late papers receive -10 per day, including weekends. Work is to be pledged. Data is the only component which can be shared in the group and must be put in chart designed by each individual Analysis of data is not a shared component --- must be your own work..
C. See above dates for cell worksheets and IB syllabus questions
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Over the weekend: Do the 4 IB Syllabus Questions; work on the electrophoresis lab; start doing cell study guide questions
Week of October 30th IB Biology
Monday, October 30th
I. Classwork
A. Go over IB Syllabus questions on enzymes
B. 1st period needs to go over data-based questions
C. Hand back essay on enzymes and discuss if needed
II. Homework
A. Quiz on enzymes, reactions, ATP
Tuesday, Wednesday October 31st and November 1 - You will have a substitute on Tuesday.
I. Classwork
A. Quiz on enzymes, etc.
B. 4th period will have lecture on cells; 1st period should review cells and organelles. We will not get back to this chapter until next week as next time we will be doing the enzyme lab.
C. Be preparing the format of your lab report on enzymes. Use Lab Bench # 2 if needed. Make sure you have read Lab Bench # 2, expecially the part about the importance of determining a baseline. Please go over all of the parts of this online lab. You will have a quiz on it prior to the lab on Thursday/Friday.
II. Homework
A. Pre-lab quiz on enzyme s
B. Study guide questions due Thursday/Friday
Thursday/Friday November 2nd and 3rd
I. Classwork
A. Take up study guide on cells
B. Pre-lab quiz
C. Lab: 1st: Establish a baseline for the amount of H2O2 in the solution. You will have to carry out titration. Then perform your lab. If you do not finish today, you will have to establish a baseline again the next time you continue the lab.
II. Homework
A. Group 4 final paper is due November 13th
B. Work on formal lab report on enzymes. It will be due November 14th/15th.
Refer to How to Write a Formal Lab Report as well as the IB rubric to make sure you have all needed information. This is to be typed and in IB format (Pl(a) etc.
Week of October 23 IB Biology
Over the weekend: For preparation of Ms. Aboud’s lesson on Monday in both 1st and 4th periods, visit the following sites. The first site shows the results of the gel you did for the lab. You will use this to perform restriction enzyme analysis that is outlined in the second site.
1. www.hhmi.princeton.edu/assets/documents/science_expo/DNA_handout_final.doc Use this site as your pretend gel.
2. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab6/intro.html
Go to 6-II Gel Electrophoresis. Scroll down to Gel Electrophoresis. You can use Exercises 1-6 as review of the procedure. Make sure you read the part about restriction enzymes and how they work. The important part to read is Analysis of Results II: Making a Standard Curve of HindIII DNA. This is what you will be doing with your suspect’s DNA.
Your job will be to select one of the suspects in the pretend gel (the Princeton site # 1 above). We suggest suspect # 3 since there are only 5 bands you have to determine the size of. For each band, you will have to perform a restriction enzyme analysis consisting of bp count as well as a standard curve.
Monday, October 23
I. Classwork
A. Restriction enzyme analysis (DNA electrophoresis) lab presentation by Ms. Aboud, student from U of R. Please go to the above sites for the explanation. This is what you are to do for your electrophoresis lab for the Group 4 project.
II. Homework
A. Answer the following in short answer (paragraph) form:
1. How do penicillin and DDT affect the systems of organisms? Relate this to enzymatic reactions.
2. What is feedback inhibition? Provide one example.
B. Practice enzyme questions (hand out by teacher)
C. Be working on restriction enzyme analysis for Group 4. The analysis of your suspect’s DNA will be due Tuesday/Wednesday of next week.
C. Start reading chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell and be doing study guide (due Thursday/Friday). It is in Virtual Share; here is a copy:
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Chapter 7 Study Guide *** will have to use other resources than text
I. Microscopy
1. Tell the difference between the compound light microscope and the electron microscope. Describe the advantages of using both (at least 3 advantages for each).
2. Create a table that compares the following two types of electron microscopes: SEM and TEM. Include the principles on which they work; specimen preparation; total magnification; resolution; advantages of each, etc.
II. Techniques to Study Cells
3. Define the following techniques used to study cells and their components: cell fractionation; ultra centrifugation; *** chromotography
III. The Cell Theory
4. Discuss the cell theory ---***its three principles. ***Who proposed each?
5. ***Are viruses considered alive? Why or why not?
6. ***How does the theory of biogenesis relate to the cell theory?
IV. Cells - An Introduction
7. Compare prokaryote and eukaryote cells. Provide an example of each.
8. Explain the importance of cell surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size. Look at figure 7.5 for your answer.
9. Define organelle. Name 5. Which organelles are present in prokaryotes? eukaryotes?
10. Why is compartmentalization important in the eukaryote cell?
11. Compare the relative size of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using appropriate SI units. Calculate the linear magnification of each in micromillimeters. (Access The Biology Project for the answer.)
12. Provide examples to show that unicellular organisms must be capable of carrying out all life processes while cells of multicellular organisms carry out cell specialization.
V. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
13. Draw a generalized prokaryotic cell as seen in electron micrographs.
14. State one function of the following components of prokaryotes:
a. cell wall
b. plasma membrane
c. mesosome
d. cytoplasm
e. ribosome
f. “naked” DNA
15. Provide an example to show that prokaryotes display a wide range of metabolic activity in the following processes: fermentation, photosynthesis, nitrogen-fixation
16. Draw a diagram to show the ultrastructure of a generalized animal cell and a generalized plant cell as seen in electron micrographs. Describe three differences between plant and animal cells.
17. State the composition and function of the plant cell wall.
18. State one function of the following organelles found in eukaryotes. Draw a diagram of each with labels where appropriate.
a. ribosome
b. rough ER
c. smooth ER
d. lysosome
e. Golgi apparatus (body)
f. mitochondrion
g. nucleus
19. Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes.
20. Tell the difference between free and bound ribosomes.
21. What is the endomembrane system in a eukaryotic cell?
22. How does smooth ER differ from rough ER?
23. Why is the Golgi body called the “packager” of the cell?
24. Why is the lysosome called the “suicide bag” of the cell?
25. Discuss the process of phagocytosis. Use the amoeba or the white blood cell as an example. Include the role of the lysosomes in your discussion.
26. Name three types of vacuoles found in cells. Where are they located and what are their functions?
27. Draw a mitochondrion. Label all parts.
28. Draw a chloroplast. Label all parts.
29. Many years ago the cytoplasm was considered to be two-dimensional and flat. We now know through electron electroscopy that the cytoplasm is a complex colloid with a network of many fibers, many made of proteins. Discuss the components of the cytoplasm and their functions. Include a definition of: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate fibers Access Campbell as well as The Biology Project)
30. Of what are cilia and flagella composed? How do cilia and flagella differ? Draw a diagram of each.
31. Describe the mechanism involved in “cytoplasmic streaming.”
VI. Intercellular Junctions
32.Describe the functions and locations of the following intercellular junctions. Which are found in plants? animals?
plasmodesmata, tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes
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Tuesday, Wednesday October 24 and 25
I. Classswork
A. Take up two short answer questions
B. Go over enzyme practice questions
C. Introduce new chapter: A Tour of the Cell
D. Go over 2005 Data Based Questions turned in last week if have not done so
II. Homework
A. Terms to chapter 7 due
B. Continue to work on restriction enzyme analysis of your suspect’s DNA. This will be due Tuesday/Wednesday.
Thursday, Friday October 26 and 27
I. Classwork
A. Check for and go over terms
B. Lecture: Types of electron microscopes (TEM and SEM); prokaryote and eukaryote cells, the size of cells, compartmentalization of the cell
II. Homework
A. Complete study guide questions
B. Quiz Monday on pp.110-128 of text (intro and organelles)
C. Restriction enzyme analysis of your suspect is due Tuesday/Wednesday of next week
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Week of October 16th IB Biology
I am available for Group 4 Monday and Wednesday of this week. See me to sign up or sign up on the board.
Over the weekend of October 14th and 15th: Study for the macromolecule test. Study the documents, links, etc., that are in Virtual Share. Study the IB Syllabus questions. Re-read the chapter. Study the notes. Draw a concept map for the macromolecules. Important concepts:
a. monomers/polymers
b. hydrolysis/condensation reaction
c. 3 types of carbohydrates – mon/di/poly , examples of each, structural formulae
d. Lipids – uses, saturated/unsaturated, why lipids are better storage forms of energy than carbos, phospholipids (structure and function), structural formulae
e. Proteins – amino acids, peptide bond, conformation and its importance, 4 levels of protein structure, importance of primary structure, when primary structure is made, cause of sickle cell anemia, denaturation, structural formulae
f. Nucleic Acids – differences in DNA and RNA, nucleotides, purines/pyrimidines, the genetic code, double helix, Watson and Crick; how DNA and proteins are measures of evolution (you may want to re-read mtDNA
Monday, October 16th
I. Classwork
A. Take up data based questions “2005” (4 pages only).
B. Test on Macromolecules
II. Homework
A. Continue reading chapter 6. You should have the terms and questions of the study guide completed by Tuesday/Wednesday. We will go over them on Thursday/Friday.
B. Work on Group 4
Tuesday/Wednesday, October 17th and 18th
I. Classwork
A. Go over tests
B. Discuss electrophoresis lab and hand out “simulated results” for your use for the Group 4 project.
B. Continue lecture on ATP, reactions, enzymes
C. If time permits, read lab on enzymes and be prepared to perform lab on Tuesday/Wednesday of next week. Determine how your group will perform the lab (get into groups for small discussion for lab set up). You will have a pre-lab quiz on Monday.
II. Homework
A. Determine how the lab will be set up by your group. You will have a pre-lab quiz on Monday.
Thursday/Friday, October 19th and 20th
I. Classwork
A. Complete lecture on chapter 6 if necessary
B. Go over terms and questions from study guide
C. Go over final lab preparations for Tuesday/Wednesday’s lab.
II. Homework
A. Work on Group 4
B. Quiz Monday on Chapter 6 An Introduction to Metabolism.
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***See study guide for test chpts 1-4 below!
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IB Biology Week of September 18
Monday, September 18
A. Classwork
1. Lecture Chapter 4 (organic chemistry)
2. Go over organic chemistry worksheet
3. Take up signed lab contract
4. Take up research for Group 4 project
B. Homework
1. Study for Wednesday’s test on Chpts. 1-4
2. Return signed lab contract
3. Start reading Chpt 5 Macromolecules
Tuesday/Wednesday September 19th and 20th
A. Classwork
1. Take test Chpts. 1-4
2. Take up signed lab contracts
3. Discuss how to do data based questions
4. Start lecture on macromolecules if time permits
B.Homework
1. Read chapter 5 Macromolecules
2. Be doing study guide (have terms completed)
3. Data based questions due Monday
Thursday/Friday September 21st and 22nd
A. Classwork
1. Go over tests
2.Lecture: Macromolecules
4. Check for and go over terms
5. Hand out lab on macromolecules we will do next week
B. Homework
1. Quiz Monday on macromolecules
2. Complete questions on study guide
Study Guide for Tuesday/Wednesday Test Chapters 1-4
Chpt 1
hierachy of organization
emergent property
homeostasis
6 kingdoms, examples and characteristics of each
how structure relates to function
examples of open systems and how they interact with the environment
major principles of evolution
inductive/deductive reasoning
how biology and technology relate
prokaryotes/eukaryotes - define and give examples
Chpt 2
IB Syllabus important elements for life; role they play
trace elements; examples, roles they play
atom - define
isotopes - definition and examples
ions - " "
anion/catgion - define and give examples
types of bonds - polar and nonpolar covalent (define and give examples)
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
Chpt 3
water's properties; how they benefit life
hydrophobic and phydrophilic
pH scale
acid/base - define and give examples
buffer- define and give examples
acid rain - causes/pH
Chpt 4
importance of carbon
variations in organic molecules are due to ___
functional groups
What elements are found in carbohydrates?proteins?lipids?nucleic acids?
Summer Packet
bioethical issues
Also, study all IB Syllabus Questions
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Here is the Macromolecule Study Guide. Do the sections on carbohydrates and lipids (this is a change in directions that was on this week's calendar. The calendar said to do the terms. Please omit those directions as do the first two sections.
Chapter 5 Macromolecules Study Guide Name
Carbohydrates
1. Define the following:
a. macromolecule
a. monomer
b. polymer
c. condensation reaction (draw this too --- especially showing H2O)
d. hydrolysis (draw this too --- especially showing H2O)
e. glycosdic linkage
f. glycogen
g. chitin
h. cellulose
2. Which foods do you think will enter the blood the quickest? Why?
3. What are the general roles of carbohydrates?
4. List some monosaccharides with their molecular formulas.
5. Double sugars are called
6. List the monosaccharides that form each:
a. maltose
b. sucrose
c. lactose
6. Polymers of sugars form
7. Which forms of polysaccharide is best for each function:
a. Strength of structure
b. Storage and sugar release
8. How does the alpha differ from the beta form of glucose and why is it significant to animals?
9. How do the role and structure of the following polysaccharides compare?
a.starch
b. glycogen
c.cellulose
10. Ninety percent of Asians, 75% of African-Americans, and a much smaller percent of northern Europeans are lactose intolerant. Why do you suppose we see this pattern?
Lipids
1. What is the characteristic common to lipids?
2. Lipids are synthesized by the chemical reaction and broken down by what reaction?
3. What makes fats hydrophobic?
4. State at least two differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.
a.
b.
5. How do phospholipids interact in an aqueous solution?
6. Make a diagram of phospholipid interactions that form membranes.
7. Define steroid. Sketch the common building block of steroids.
8. Give examples and uses of various types of lipids.
Proteins
8. List at least 5 functions of proteins.
9. What are the three properties used to classify amino acids?
10. Sketch two amino acids side-by-side, on one of them label the functional groups, then show how the two can be joined together.
11. What determines the primary structure of a protein?
12. Describe and draw the four levels of protein structure:
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
13. What happens to a protein during denaturation? Draw it.
Nucleic Acids
14. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
15. Briefly describe two functions of DNA in the cell.
a.
b.
16.Draw a nucleotide and label its parts.
17. Tell three differences between DNA and RNA.
18. Define and give examples of purines and prymidines.
19. Who first found out that DNA was a double helix? How?
20. Why do we say that DNA is a tape measure of evolution? Also, review mtDNA.
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Week of September 25th IB Biology
Monday, September 25th
I. Classwork
A. Take up data-based questions
B. Take up Pl(b) – A list and short description of the tests you will perform as a group – all of the tests including the other disciplines
B. Practice questions on matching handout
B. Quiz on carbohydrates and lipids
D. Continue lecture on proteins if time permits
II. Homework
A. Have study guide complete
B. Start learning structural formula; access the Macromolecule links given to you on the handout; learn the structural formula of the major macromolecules
C. Read lab on Testing for the Presence of Macromolecules
D. Can work on macromolecule matching worksheet ( answers on last page)
Tuesday, Wednesday September 26th and 27th
I. Classwork
A. Continue and complete lecture on proteins and nucleic acids
B. Review lab instructions
C. Access sites for review
II. Homework
A. Quiz on macromolecules and lab
B. Complete worksheet on macromolecules
C. Continue matching worksheet (answers on back)
Thursday, Friday September 28th and 29th
I. Classwork
A. Go over worksheet on macromolecules
B. Take quiz on macromolecules and lab
C. Do Lab: Testing for the Presence of Macromolecules
II. Homework
A. Test on Chapter 5 Macromolecules on Monday
B. Data-based questions due Tuesday/Wednesday
C. Group 4 work
**********************************************************************
NOTICE FOR THE WEEKEND OF OCTOBER 1ST:!!!!
Over the weekend of October 1st: Do the IB Syllabus questions on 2.2 Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins (2.1-2.10) You will have a quiz on them on Thursday/Friday. You will also have a pre-lab quiz on electrophoresis on Tuesday/Wednesday. Please access the sites below to study for this.
Week of October 2nd IB Biology
Monday, October 2nd - 5th,6th,7th periods only
I. Classwork – none
II. Homework – Access the following sites on electrophoresis. This is also found in the DNA folder in Virtual Share.
1. http://www.bergen.org/AAST/projects/Gel/ - An excellent summary of all steps of electrophoresis. Be able to answer the specific questions asked on the 1st page.
2. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/gel/ - Ay simple simulation of the technique. Read the small print at the bottom.
3. http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/conservation/tools/protein.cfm - Discusses plant proteins and how to use in electrophoresis.
4. http://www.shsu.edu/~chm_tgc/sounds/flashfiles/GE.swf - Click on the players, gel prep, running, etc.
5. http://www.rit.edu/~pac8612/electro/Electro_Sim.html - Click on add the standard, add the sample, etc.
Also be learning the structural formula of the macromolecules for a quiz on Thursday/Friday
Also be working on Group 4
Tuesday, Wednesday October 3rd and 4th
I. Classwork
A. Pre-lab quiz on electrophoresis
B.Lecture and Lab: Electrophoresis
II. Homework
A. Quiz on structural formula; also on IB Syllabus questions 2.1-2.10
B. Data based questions due next Tuesday/Wednesday
C. Test next Tuesday/Wednesday on macromolecules (Chapter 5)
D. Be working on Group 4
Thursday/Friday October 5th and 6th
I. Classwork
A. Structural formulae quiz and IB Syllabus questions quiz
B. Continue and complete Lab: Electrophoresis
II. Homework
A. Data based questions due Tuesday/Wednesday
B. Test Chapter 5 Tuesday/Wednesday. Study guide will be posted on Quia.
C. Determine with your group 4 group how you will use the info from the electrophoresis lab. You will also have to write up a formal lab report as a separate lab for your IB portfolio. Please keep these results as we will do this after the group 4 project is due in November,
D. Be working on Group 4.
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Week of October 9th IB Biology
Please note: You will have the quiz you did not take on Thurs/Fri on Tues/Wed!!!
I have attached the notes for Chpt 6. We will do these in class. It is below and in Virtual Share Chapter 6.
I am available for Group 4 Monday and Wednesday pm. Please let me know if you are coming in. Mrs. Fry is available before school (please make an appointment and let her know); see her to make an appointment for after school
Monday, October 9th – no school
Tuesday/Wednesday October 10th and 11th
I. Classwork
A. Go over results of electrophoresis lab and discuss how to write lab
B. Take macromolecule quiz (structural formula, IB syllabus questions, lab questions)
C. Lecture: Energy (Notes are in Virtual Share)
D. 4th period needs to go over data based questions (1st ones given out)
E. Data based questions due October 16th
II. Homework
A. Test Thursday/Friday on Macromolecules
B. Study guide on Chapter 6 – be working on – Terms due Monday; questions due Tuesday/Wednesday
C. Be working on Group 4
D. Electrophoresis lab due next Monday
E. Do data based questions. They are due Monday but you have a lot due that day.
Thursday/Friday October 12th and 13th
I. Classwork
A. Go over tests
B. Lecture: ATP and energy; enzymes if time permits (Notes are in Virtual Share)
II. Homework
A. Quiz Monday on energy, ATP, enzymes
B. Terms to chapter 6 due/ questions due Wednesday/Thursday
C. Electrophoresis lab due Monday
D. Data based questions due Monday
Chapter 6 Energy
I. Introduction
A. Energy
1. __________is capacity to do work; cells must continually use energy to do biological work.
2. _________energy is energy of motion; all moving objects have kinetic energy.
a. Ex:
b. Ex:
3___________ energy is stored energy.
a. Ex:
b. Ex:
B. Two Laws of Thermodynamics
1. First law of thermodynamics (also called the law of _________) states:
Ex:
Ex:
2. Second law of thermodynamics
a. Energy cannot be changed from one form into another without a _______ of _________energy.
b. 25% of chemical energy of gasoline is converted to move a car; rest is lost as heat.
c. When muscles convert chemical energy in ________to mechanical energy, some is lost as _______.
d. Heat is form of energy but quickly dissipates into the environment.
e. Can it be converted back to the form of potential energy? ____
C. Entropy
1. Entropy is measure of randomness or_________.
2. Organized usable forms of energy have low entropy; unorganized/less stable forms have high entropy.
3. Energy conversions result in heat and therefore the entropy of the universe is always increasing.
4. It takes a constant input of usable energy from the food you eat to keep you organized.
II. Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations
A. Metabolism
1. Metabolism is the sum of all the ________reactions in a cell.
2. In a reaction A + B C + D, A and B are reactants and C and D are products.
3. Free energy ( ) is the amount of energy that is free to do work after a chemical reaction.
4. Change in free energy is noted as ; a negative means that products have less free energy
than reactants; the reaction occurs spontaneously.
5. __________reactions have a negative and energy is released.
Ex:
6. __________reactions have a positive ; products have more energy than reactants; such reactions can only occur with an input of energy.
Ex:
7. Reversible reactions have a free energy difference near zero; such a reaction is at equilibrium.
8. Cells use product of a first reaction as reactant in second reaction; such a process pulls first reaction
in one direction.
B. Coupled Reactions
1. Occur when energy released by an ___________reaction is used to drive an ____________reaction.
2. Energy released from ATP ADP + is used to fuel many biological reactions.
Ex:
3. ATP breakdown is coupled to a reaction that requires energy; both reactions take place at same time in same place.
4. When ATP breaks down to drive reactions, some energy is lost as heat; overall reaction becomes exergonic.
C. ATP: Energy for Cells
1. ATP (also known as _____________ ___________) is energy currency of cells; when cells require energy, they "spend" ATP.
2. Great demand for ATP requires body to constantly produce ATP.
3. Small amount of ATP is constantly recycled from ADP and — it is continually made, broken down, and remade in cells.
4. The energy released from ATP ADP + is just about enough for most biological reactions.
D. Function of ATP
1. Chemical work: ATP supplies energy to synthesize ___________that make up the cell.
2. Transport work: ATP supplies energy needed to ____________substances across the ____________membrane.
3. Mechanical work: ATP supplies energy to move________ of humans, ____________ and ____________ of protists, and _______________ in cells undergoing cell division.
E. Structure of ATP
1. ATP is a ____________ (relative of DNA and RNA) made of base______, sugar __________ and phosphate _________.
2. ATP is called a "high-energy" compound because a phosphate group is easily_______________.
3. In cells, about 7.3 kcal per mole is released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP + .
IV. Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
A. Reactions in Cells are Orderly
1. Metabolic pathways are orderly sequence of chemical reactions; each step is catalyzed by a specific_________.
2.Metabolic pathways begin with________, end with_________, and have many _________________steps.
3. One pathway leads to next; since pathways use same molecules, a pathway can lead to several others.
4. Metabolic energy is captured more easily if it is released in small increments.
5. A reactant is substance that participates in reaction; a product is substance formed by reaction.
6. Each step in a series of chemical reactions is assisted by an________________.
7. Enzymes are catalysts that speed chemical reactions without the enzyme being changed.
8. Every enzyme is specific in its action and catalyzes only one reaction or one type of reaction.
9. A substrate is a reactant in an enzymatic reaction.
B. Energy of Activation
1. For metabolic reactions to occur in a cell, an enzyme must usually be present.
2. Without enzymes, activation is achieved by _______________reactions to increase molecular collisions.
3. ____________ of ______________(Ea) is energy that must be added to cause molecules to react.
C. Enzyme-Substrate Complexes
1. Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation (Ea) by forming a
complex with their substrate(s) at the active site.
a. Active site is small region on surface of enzyme where the substrate(s) bind.
b. When substrate binds to enzyme, active site undergoes a slight change in shape that facilitates the reaction — this is called the _______-fit model (formerly called ________ and _____.
2. Only a small amount of enzyme is needed in a cell because enzymes are not used up.
3. Some enzymes actually participated in the reaction (e.g. trypsin).
4. A particular reactant(s) may produce more than one type of product(s).
a. Presence or absence of enzyme determines which reaction takes place.
b. If reactants can form more than one product, enzymes present determine product produced.
5. Every cell reaction requires its specific__________; enzymes are named for substrates by adding "-ase."
D. Factors Affecting Enzymatic Speed
1. Enzymatic reactions are rapid (e.g., 2H2O2 H2O + O2 occurs 600,000 times/sec with catalase).
a. To achieve maximum product per unit time, need enough substrate to fill active sites.
b. Optimal temperature and pH increase rates of enzymatic reaction.
2. Temperature and pH
a. As temperature rises, enzyme activity _____________because there are more molecular collisions.
b. Enzyme activity declines rapidly when enzyme is ____________at a certain temperature; results in change in shape of enzyme.
c. Each enzyme has optimal pH that maintains its normal configuration.
Ex: pH of stomach____________
Ex: pH of small intestine
Describe how it changes:
d. A change in pH alters ionization of side chains, eventually resulting in denaturation.
3. Enzyme Concentration
a. Enzyme concentration is regulated by a cell.
b. Some enzymes regulated by phosphorylation; molecules received by membrane receptors turn on kinases, which activate enzymes by phosphorylating them.
4. Enzyme Inhibition
a. Inhibition is common means by which cells regulate enzyme activity.
b. In competitive inhibition, another molecule is similar to enzymes substrate, competes with what? _______________, resulting in decreased product formation.
c. In ______________inhibition, a molecule binds to allosteric site, a site other than active site, hereby changing the three-dimensional structure of enzyme and ability to bind to its substrate.
d. Feedback inhibition regulates activity of most enzymes; product produced by an enzyme binds to enzyme’s active site.
1) When product is abundant, active sites are full and enzyme activity drops.
2) When product is used up, inhibition is reduced and more product is produced.
Ex of feedback:
Ex of feedback:
3) Concentrations of products can be kept within narrow ranges.
4) Pathways can be regulated by feedback inhibition; end product of pathway binds at an allosteric site on the first enzyme of the pathway, shutting down the pathway.
e. Cyanide inhibits an essential enzyme (cytochrome oxidase) found in all cells. Look this up if time permits: _____________
5. Enzyme Cofactors
a.Define cofactor:
b. Examples:
b. Ions are metals; the organic cofactors are coenzymes (e.g. vitamins) that assist enzymes or accept or contribute atoms to the reaction.
c. Vitamins required in trace amounts for synthesis of coenzymes; become part of coenzyme’s molecular structure; vitamin deficiency causes lack of coenzyme and lace of enzyme action.
6.4 Metabolic Pathways and Oxidation-Reduction
A. Oxidation-Reduction - Define: _______________
EX:
EX:
1. In oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, electrons pass from one molecule to another.
2. Oxidation is the ______of electrons.
Ex:
3. Reduction is the _______of electrons.
Ex:
4. Both reactions occur at the same time because one molecule accepts electrons given up by another molecule.
B. Photosynthesis
1. Define in words and give the equation:
2. Water has been ____________and carbon dioxide has been__________________ (use oxidation or reduction).
3. Input of energy is needed to produce high-energy ________molecule.
4. Chloroplasts capture _________energy and convert it by electron transport system to chemical energy of_________.
5. ATP is used along with hydrogen atoms to reduce glucose; when NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) donates hydrogen atoms (H+ + e) to a substrate during photosynthesis, substrate has accepted electrons and is reduced.
6. The reaction that reduces NADP+ is:
NADP+ + 2e- + H+ NADPH
C. Cellular Respiration
1. Overall equation for aerobic respiration is opposite that of photosynthesis:
Define and give the equation:
2. When NAD removed hydrogen atoms (H+ + e) during cell respiration, the substrate has lost electrons and is oxidized.
NAD+ + 2e- + H+ NADH
3. At the end of aerobic respiration, glucose has been oxidized to carbon dioxide and water and ATP have been produced.
D. Electron Transport System
1. Both photosynthesis and respiration are metabolic pathways that use an electron transport system consisting of membrane-bound carriers to pass electrons from one carrier to another.
2. High-energy electrons are delivered to the system and low-energy electrons leave it.
3. Each time electrons transfer to a new carrier, energy is released; ultimately used to produce ATP.
E. ATP Production
1. ATP synthesis was known to be coupled to the electron transport system.
2. Peter Mitchell received 1978 Nobel prize for chemiosmotic theory of ATP production.
3. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, carriers of electron transport systems are located within a ______________.
4. H+ ions collect on one side of membrane because they are pumped there by certain carriers.
5. The electrochemical gradient across the membrane is used to provide energy for ATP production.
6. Particles called ATP synthase complexes span the membrane; each complex contains a channel that allows H+ ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient.
7. Flow of H+ ions through the channel provides the energy to drive ADP + ATP.
8. As solar energy is collected by plants and converted to ATP, thylakoid membrane acts as a dam to maintain energy gradient; formation of ATP resembles the turbines in a dam that couple water flow to formation of electricity.
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