| A | B |
|---|
| Constitutional Supremacy | no one is above the law |
| federalism | power shared between states and national governments |
| popular sovereignty | power from the people |
| checks and balances | government branches restrain other government branches |
| separation of powers | power is shared among government branches |
| judicial review | courts interpret the law |
| 1st Amendment | free speech / press / religion |
| 4th Amendment | no searches without cause or warrant |
| 5th Amendment | no self-incrimination / double jeopardy |
| 6th Amendment | open public jury trial / know the charges / right to attorney |
| 8th Amendment | no cruel or unusual punishment / excessive bail or fine |
| 9th Amendment | unenumerated rights retained by the people |
| Tinker v. DesMoines | free speech for students / symbolic speech |
| Mapp v. Ohio | exclusionary rule adopted |
| Regents of UC v. Bakke | quotas are out / diversity is okay |
| Texas v. Johnson | flag burning is protected / symbolic speech |
| Roe v. Wade | abortion is allowed / right to choose / privacy rights |
| Miranda v. Arizona | right to hear your rights |
| Brown v. Board | separate is inherently unequal |
| 14 Amendment | equal protection clause / applies Bill of Rights to states |
| affirmative action | attempts to right the wrongs of the past / reverse discrimination |
| compelling interest | a reason that rights may be limited by government |
| Jim Crow laws | segregation laws of the south |
| Reconstruction | post-Civil War period / temporary increase in the rights of African-Americans |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | separate but equal is okay |
| Thurgood Marshall | argued Brown case / later Supreme Court Justice |
| Southern Manifesto | protest of Brown decision by southern congressmen |
| Crisis at Little Rock | 9 black students get armed escort to school |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. | got his start by organizing bus boycott |
| civil disobedience | peaceful protests |
| Birmingham protest | dogs and water cannons used on school children |
| Malcolm X | adopted a militant attitude than MLK |
| de jure segregation | segregation by law (not permitted after the 60's) |
| de facto segregation | segregation by practice |
| slavery reparations | financial compensation for slavery |
| incorporation doctrine | Bill of Rights incorporated in 14th Am / applied to states |
| Schenck case | clear and present danger doctrine |
| sedition | criticism of the government |
| prior restraint | censorship |
| symbolic speech | arm band, flag burning for example |
| Open and limited airwaves | TV/radio regulation |
| Zenger case | jury nullifies libel charge / free press upheld in colonies for first time |
| libel | written falsehoods |
| Chaplinski case | fighting words |
| Free Exercise Clause | you can worship freely |
| Establishment Clause | government may not endorse religion |
| Lemon Test | secular purpose / may not endorse or inhibit religion / no excessive entanglement |
| roots of freedom of religion | Reformation / Enlightenment / religious pluralism in colonies / deism |
| reasons student speech can be restricted | no disruption / against schools mission / part of curriculum |
| lies, damn lies, statistics | misleading numbers can appear true |
