| A | B |
|---|
| urbanization | the process of changing from a rural to a city-dwelling population that results in densely populated areas and vast numbers of city buildings |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| sphere of influence | a region dominated by, but not directly ruled by, a foreign nation |
| socialism | the belief that the wealth of a country should be shared equally among all its citizens |
| shogun | the supreme general of Japan's army, who had the powers of a military dictator |
| scorched-earth policy | systematic burning of grain fields, killing of livestock, and destroying of other items to keep them from the enemy |
| scientific revolution | in the 1500's and 1600's, a new and radical way of thinking about the natural world by using careful observation and questioning old theories |
| reformation | a religious crisis in the 1500's in the Roman Catholic Church that led to the establishment of Protestant churches |
| realpolitik | the ability to keep and maintain power |
| protestant | a christian who is a non-catholic church |
| parliament | a legislative body similar to that established in the eleventh centruy in England |
| nationalism | a felling of loyalty for one's own land and people |
| mercantilism | an economic theory under which a country increases its wealth by exporting more goods than its imports |
| liberalism | a philosophy of limited government and protection of individual rights and freedoms |
| laissez-faire | a belief in the absence of government regulation of business |
| kaiser | the German emperor |
| isolationism | the idea that a country should avoid political or military alliances with other countries |
| estate | one of the three large social classes: nobles, clergy, and commoners |
| edict | a public order or announcement that has authority |
| coup | a sudden takeover of a country's government |
