| A | B |
|---|
| These two structures of the heart receive venous blood from the systemic circulation and pump it into the lungs for gas exchange | right atrium & right ventricle |
| Synonym of the right atrium | antechamber |
| These two structures of the heart receive freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it through the arteries into the systemic circulation | left atrium & left ventricle |
| systole | Contraction of a heart chamber |
| diastole | Relaxing&refilling of a heart chamber |
| Valves in the heart (one for each of the 4 chambers) prevent _ of blood from a chamber during systole | backflow |
| pericardium | The heart is encased in this protective sac |
| arrhythmia | Irregular rhythm of the heartbeat, w/ or w/out an abnormally slow or fast rate. |
| ascites | Swelling of the abdomen due to effusion of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. |
| lub-dup | Each heartbeat normally produces 2 sounds or tones, traditionally called " _." |
| S1 | The 1st heart sound |
| ventricular systole | The 1st heart sound corresponds to the beginning of _ |
| mitral and tricuspid | The 1st heart sound is due chiefly to closure of the _ valves |
| lower | the 1st heart sound is _ in pitch, lowder, and longer in duration than the 2nd heart sound |
| S2 | the 2nd heart sound |
| diastole | The 2nd heart sound corresponds to the beginning of ventricular _ |
| aortic and pulmonic | The 2nd heart sound is due chiefly to closure of the _ valves |
| aortic (A), mitral (M), pulmonic (P), and tricuspid (T) | The physician notes the quality & loudness of sounds heard at the 4 valve areas: _ |
| best heard | The 4 valve areas used for auscultation of the heart are areas where valve sounds are _, not corresponding to the exact locations of the valves |
| M2 | the 2nd heart sound as heard through the mitral valve area |
| A2 = P2 | the 2nd heart sounds as heard at the aortic & pulmonic valve areas are approximately equal in intensity |
| S3 | this 3rd heart sound may be heard immediately after the 2nd, during ventricular diastole, in young patients & in older patients w/cardiac disease |
| S4 | This 4th heart sound may be heard immediately b4 the 1st heart sound. |
| atrial systole | S4 is due to _ & is seldom noted except in the presence of cardiac disease |
| bradyarrhythmia | a pulse that is both irregular & ABNLy slow |
| bradycardia | ABNL slowness of the heartbeat (pulse less than 60/min) |
| bruit | a rough vascular sound, synchronous w/ the heartbeat, heard on auscultation over a narrowing in an artery |
| cardiac catheterization | a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is introduced thru the skin into a peripheral vein/artery & advanced into the heart |
| pressures | cardiac catheterization is used to measure _ & oxygen saturation in the great vessels & cardiac chambers |
| structural disorders | cardiac catheterization is particularly useful in identifying _ of the heart such as valvular disease & shunts |
| commissurotomy | surgical enlargement of the aperture of a stenotic heart valve, particularly the mitral, by stretching/cutting |
| diaphoresis | sweating |
| cardiac dilatation | enlargement of a heart chamber due to stretching of its muscular wall, w/o increased muscular development |
| diuresis | an increase in the production of urine by the kidneys as a result of renal/systemic disease, toxic substances, or drugs administered to reduce body water,sodium,or both |
| dyspnea | shortness of breath |
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | sudden attacks of labored breathing awakening the patient from sleep |
| echocardiography | a noninvasive diagostic procedure in which an ultrasonic beam is directed at the heart & the returning echoes are recorded&analyzed |
| cardiac chambers, ventricular function | echocardiography is valuable for the measurement of _ (wall thickness&cavity volume),assessment of _,&identification of valvular malfunction |
| edema | swelling due the presence of fluid in tissue spaces |
| dependent edema | edema of the lower extremities |
| downward hanging | dependent edema is aggravated by the dependent (_) position |
| peripheral edema | edema of the extremities |
| pitting edema | edema that retains the mark of the examiner's fingers after release of pressure |
| ejection fraction | the percentage of the blood contained in the heart during the succeeding systole, normally 65% or higher |
| embolism | obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached blood clot, air, fat, or injected material |
| exudate | a material deposited in or on tissues as a result of inflammation or degeneration & consisting of protein-rich fluid,inflammatory cells,&tissue debris |
| fibrillation | rapid,random,ineffectual twitching of cardiac muscle,instead of normal regular systolic contractions |
| metabolic, coronary vascular | fibrillation is due usually to _ or _ disease |
| atrial | this type of fibrillation can occur for years w/o serious impairment of health |
| ventricular | this type of fibrillation is rapidly fatal |
| gallop rhythm | a cardiac rhythm that simulates the sound of a galloping horse on auscultation |
| third, fourth | gallop rhythm is usually due to the presence of a _ or _ heart sound,or both |
| hemoptysis | coughing up blood |
| hepatojugular reflux | increase in jugular venous distention when the examiner applies pressure to the liver |
| hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver |
| cardiac hypertrophy | enlargement of a heart chamber due to increase in the thickness of its muscular wall |
| infarction | death of tissue due to interruption of its blood supply |
| ischemia | inadequate blood supply |
| Keith-Wagener changes | ABNL signs in the retina&retinal vessels due to hypertension&arteriosclerosis |
| lumen | the hollow interior of a vessel/other tubular structure |
| murmur | an ABNL sound, synchronous w/ the heartbeat |
| flow of blood through a valve or other passage in the heart | murmur is due to |
| sound quality,loudness, where best heard, effect of position, and effect of respiratory movements | murmurs are distinguished as to _, _, _, _ _, _ |
| nocturia | the need to rise from bed to urinate at night |
| palpitation(s) | various ABNL sensations accompanying heartbeat;unduly rapid heartbeat;noticeably irregular beat;a feeling that some/all heartbeats are unusually strong;a sense of missed beats;or intermittent flip-flop sensations in the heart |
| paroxysmal | occurring in sudden attacks/seizures |
| paroxysms | sudden attack/seizures |
| perfusion | delivery of oxygen&nutrients to tissues by the circulatory system,w/ removal of carbon dioxide&other wastes |
| petechia | a very small spot of hemorrhage under the surface of the skin/mucous membrane,usually multiple,due to a local or systemic disorder |
| petechiae | plural of petechia |
| point of maximum impulse | the point on the chest wall where the impulse of the beating heart is most distinctly felt by the examiner's fingers |
| PMI | abbreviation of point of maximum impulse |
| precordial | in front of the heart |
| pulse | the heartbeat,& by extension the rate of the heartbeat |
| the wrist, the cardiac apex, or elsewhere | the pulse is measured at |
| radial pulse | the pulse at the wrist |
| apical pulse | the pulse at the cardiac apex |
| rale | a crackling/bubbling sound heard on auscultation of the breath sounds |
| crepitant rale | a fine crackling rale |
| rhonchus | a whistling/humming sound caused by passage of air thru narrowed parts of the respiratory tract |
| precordial shock | an ABNLy strong thrust applied to the chest wall by the beating heart,as detected by the examiner's fingers |
| splitting | separation of the 1st or 2nd heart sound,or both,into 2 distinctly audible components |
| stigma | a structural or functional peculiarity or ABNLty that is characteristic of an inherited or acquired condition,& may be useful in its Dx |
| stigmata | plural of stigma |
| syncope | sudden loss of consciousness;fainting |
| tachyarrhythmia | a pulse that is both irregular&ABNLy rapid |
| tachycardia | rapid heart rate (over 100/min) |
| thrill | an ABNL sensation felt by the examiner over the heart when blood jets thru an anomalous/narrowed orifice |
| tunica intima | the innermost layer or lining of an artery |
| vascular | pertaining to 1 or more blood vessels |
| venipuncture | insertion of a needle into a vein for the purpose of removing blood for testing,or to inject fluids,medicines,or Dx'c materials |
| congenital heart disease | a large&various group of structural abnormalities present at birth&involving the heart chambers,valves,associated great vessles,/some combination of these |
| genetically | congenital heart disease can be _ determined,/can result from interference w/NL embryonic development by intrauterine exposure to maternal infections,medicines,etc. |
| incompatible | some congenital heart disorders are _ w/ life; others cause few or no Sx's |
| cyanotic congenital heart diseases | _ cause obvious impairment of oxygenation of the blood in early life |
| acyanotic congenital heart diseases | these congenital heart diseases have delayed or absent Sx's |
| coarctation of the aorta | narrowing of the aortic arch,just beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery,often associated w/ ABNL'ty of the aortic valve |
| symptoms | coarctation of the aorta usually has no _ until evidence of cardiac failure/consequences of hypertension become evident |
| arterial pulses | in coarctation of the aorta,_ become prominent in the neck,weak or absent in the lower extremities.Blood pressure elevated in arms,normal/low in legs.A systolic murmur at the rate of narrowing |
| chest x-ray | In coarctation of the aorta, _ may show left ventricular hypertrophy and notching of ribs by dilated collateral vessels. |
| LVH stands for | left ventricular hypertrophy |
| course of coarctation of the aorta | congestive heart failure,early death due to hypertension,aortic rupture,/endocarditits |
| treatment of coarctation of the aorta | surgical correction of the narrowing. Balloon dilatation sometimes successful |
| patent ductus arteriosus | persistence of the fetal communication b/n the aorta&the pulmonary artery |
| the pulmonary artery shunts blood around the (_) lungs until birth | unexpanded and nonfunctioning |
| clinical significance | in patent ductus arteriosus, _ depends on the amount of shunting that persists after birth |
| history of patent ductus arteriosus | no symptoms,or symptoms only w/ development of left ventricular hypertrophy or failure |
| physical examination of patent ductus arteriosus | widened pulse pressure,reduced diastolic pressure. Accented 2nd heart sound;continuous "machinery" murmur along the left sternal border |
| normal,left ventricular hypertrophy,pulmonary and aortic silhouettes | in patent ductus arteriosus, chest x-ray may be _ or may show _ and dilatation of the _ |
| ECG | in patent ductus arteriosus,_ may show left ventricular hypertrophy |
