| A | B |
|---|
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical reactions. (92 occur naturally, 25 are essential to life.) |
| Oxygen | 65% mass |
| Carbon | 18.5% mass |
| Hydrogen | 9.5% mass |
| Nitrogen | 3.5% mass |
| Ions | 4% mass |
| Compound | Two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio (e.g. glucose) |
| Mixture | Two or more substances in no fixed ratio |
| Atom | Smallest possible unit of an element that retains the physical and chemical properties of an element |
| Molecule | A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in an atom of a particular element |
| Mass Number | The number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
| Isotope | An atom having the same number of protons as another atom, but with a different number of neutrons |
| Atomic Mass | The average of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element |
| Mole | The mass of which, in grams, is numerically equal to the molecular mass of the substance (6.022 x 10^23) |
| Molecular Mass | Obtained by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms in the molecular formula |
| Electronegativity | The tendency for an atom to pull electrons towards itself. |
| Ionic Bonds | A chemical bond between ions of opposite charge (e.g. NaCl) |
| Ion | An atom that has either gained (negatively charged) or lost (positively charged) electrons. |
| Cation | Positively charged ion |
| Anion | Negatively charged ion |
| Covalent Bonds | Sharing of electrons between two or more atoms (e.g. water) |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity |
| Polar Covelent Bond | A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |
| Hydrogen Bond | The attraction of the hydrogen atom of one molecule for a strongly electronegative atom (e.g. N, O, F) in an adjacent molecule (or within the same molecule). |
| 5 properties of water attributed to hydrogen bonds | Cohesive, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, expands as it freezes, solvent |
| Cohesion | The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
| Specific Heat | Amount of heat that must be absorbed for 1 g to increase 1°C |
| Water's Specific heat | 1 cal/g/°C |
| Heat of Vaporization | Quantity of heat that must be absorbed for 1 g to go from liquid to gas |
| Organic Chemistry | The chemistry of carbon molecules. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A water molecule is lost as a bond is formed. |
| Hydrolysis | A bond is broken through the addition of water. |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars, 3-7 compounds, straight chain or ring (e.g. glucose, ribose, fructose). |
| Disaccharides | Two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis (e.g. sucrose, maltose, lactose). |
| Polysaccharides | Long chains of monosaccharides, important for storage (e.g. starch in plants, glycogen in animals). |
| Organic Compounds | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| Lipids | Neutral fats, monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride |
| Saturated | Maximum number of Hydrogen in fatty acid tail, single bonds (butter) |
| Unsaturated | Carbon double bond instead of two hydrogens single bonded (vegetable oil) |
| Phospholipid | Contains a polar head group, a nonpolar fatty acid tail, makes up plasma membrane in cells. |
| Steroid | Cholesterol, Steroid hormones, Vitamin D |
| Proteins | Amino Acids and Peptides |
| Amino Acids | The building blocks of protein, total of 20 - 8 are essential |
| Peptides | Strings of amino acids. |
| Primary | The sequence of amino acids in peptides. |
| Secondary | The structure (spirals or sheets) of peptides. |
| Tertiary | When the shape of a peptide bends back on itself due to attraction. |
| Quarternary | More than one chain of peptides; can form selective filter. |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide molecules (A, T, C, G, U). |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA |
| tRNA | Transfer RNA |
| Glycerol | Backbone of Phospholipids |
| Functions of membrane protein | transport, enzyme, receptor, cell adhesion, attachment, cytoskeleton |
| Selective Permeability | Property of biological membranes, which allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |
| Selective Perm - Nonpolar | Crosses membrane easily |
| Selective Perm - Polar, small, uncharged | Crosses membrane easily |
| Selective Perm - Polar, larger, uncharged | Does not cross membrane as easily |
| Selective Perm - Ions | Has difficulty crossing membrane |
| Transport Proteins | Provides hydrophillic channel, movement by active transport |
