| A | B |
|---|
| four bases of DNA | A,T,C,G |
| Rosalind Franklin | used x-ray diffraction to first see the spiral shape of DNA |
| Watson and Crick | made the first model of DNA, won the Nobel Prize |
| sugar and phosphate | the "sides" of the DNA "ladder" |
| bases | make up the "rungs" of the DNA ladder |
| amino acid | 3 bases code for one |
| deletion | type of mutation where one base is left off |
| genetic engineering | changing genes to produce a desired outcome |
| Chargaff | discovered that the amount of A in DNA is always equal to the amount of T, and C to G |
| first step in making a protein | RNA copying DNA |
| insertion | mutation where a base is added to the gene |
| DNA fingerprinting | used to identify the owner of the DNA |
| proteins | determine your traits |
| each gene | has instructions for making a protein |
| ribosome | in the cell's cytoplasm - where mRNA goes to deliver the DNA message |
| mRNA | RNA that copies the code of DNA and takes that code out of the nucleus to the ribsome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA - decodes the message from mRNA to make a new protein |
| substitution | mutation where one base is replaced by another |
| causes of DNA mutation | UV radiation, cigarette smoke, or x-rays |
| mutation | an error in the DNA code |
| sickle cell anemia | genetic disease where red blood cells are misshapen; cannot carry enough oxygen |
| mutagen | causes a mutation in DNA |
