| A | B |
|---|
| Crust | Lithosphere: outer layer of the earth |
| Mantle | molten layer of rock beneath crust, flows like toothpaste |
| Core | made of a liquid outer core and a solid inner core |
| Lava | Molten rock that reaches the surface |
| Magma | molten rock beneath the surface |
| Unconformity | represents a buried surface of erosion, and it represents a break in the pattern of deposition/ rock deposits |
| Igneous Rock | Formed from molten rock cooling |
| Extrusive igneous | molten rock cooling on the surface, Fast cooling causes small crystal size in the rock Ex. Basalt, ryolite, adesite |
| Intrusive igneous | molten rock cooling below the surface, slow cooling causes large crystals Ex. Granite, gabbro, diorite |
| Dike | igneous rock that cuts across layers |
| Sill | igneous rock that runs parallel to layers |
| Sedimentary rock | must be exposed to wind and water to form, formed on the surface |
| Age of Earth | estimated to be 3.7 to 5 billion years old |
| Precambrian Era | Earth forms, simple life begins approximately 4.5 billion years ago. |
| Cambrian Era | Earliest abundant record of marine life, trilobites dominate 580-500 MYA |
| Paleozoic Era | first fish, invertebrates and plants, sometimes called the Age of Fishes, 500 to 300 million years ago |
| Mesozoic Era (Jurassic) | Jurassic period dinosaurs, birds, earliest mammals, amphibians, and reptiles, known as the Age of Reptiles, 350-65 MYA |
| Cenozoic Era | known as the Age of Mammals and Man, 65 million years ago to present |
| Plate tectonics | theory that the outer shell of the earth is made up of thin, rigid plates that move caused by currents in the mantle, volcanoes and earthquakes occur most frequently on these boundaries |
| Continental drift | The Idea that the continents drifted apart cause by forces inside the earth |
| Subduction | when one crustal plate dives beneath another and remelts |
| Mid Ocean Ridge | volcanic mountain range where new crust is made and sea floor spreading occurs |
| Sea floor spreading | where two crustal plates move apart, diverge |
| Earthquake waves | Primary waves, P waves, travel fastest, Secondary waves, S waves, travel next fastest, Surface waves, L waves, slowesttraveling waves. |
| Focus | Exact place in the earth were earthquake occurs |
| Epicenter | Location on the earth’s surface directly above the focus |
| Fossils | records of living things found in sedimentary rocks only |
| Radioactive dating | method used to determine an exact age of rocks |
| Radioactive decay | when radioactive elements change into other substances |
| Half-life | time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to change into another substance |
| Stratigraphy | the study of the layers of the earth |
| Weathering | breaking down of rocks by physical or chemical change |
| Erosion | Moving of surface materials, deposition, by wind and water. |
| Fault | boundary between crustal plates or a crack in the earth's crust where movemnet has occurred. |
| Convergent Fault | crustal plates moving together |
| Divergent Fault | Plates move apart |
| Transverse Fault | Plates move sideways |
