| A | B |
|---|
| On the Origin of Species (291) | Darwin's book that outlined his original theory of evolution (1859) |
| evolutionary theory (291) | a collection of carefully reasoned & tested hypotheses about how evolutionary change occurs |
| Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (292) | He was one of the first scientists to recognize living things change over time. However, he made 3 assumptions about this that were incorrect. |
| Principles of Geology (293) | Charles Lyell's book that influenced Darwin's thought about the age of the Earth. |
| artificial selection (294) | the intervention of humans ensures that only individuals with the more desirable traits produce offspring; a breeder hopes to combine the best traits of the parents so offspring will be more fit than their parents. |
| Malthusian Doctrine (295) | Famine, disease, and war prevent the endless growth of human populations; Malthus believed that babies were being born at a faster rate than people were dying; he feared that eventually, there would not be enough food, etc., to provide for the number of people on Earth. |
| natural selection (296) | the process in nature that results in the most fit organisms producing offspring; those best able to survive and reproduce are selected naturally. |
| "struggle for existence" (296) | Organisms are constantly fighting to exist; the environment & each other are the challenges. |
| survival of the fittest (297) | the principle that states: only individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment survive the struggle for existence. |
| H.B.D. Kettlewell (298) | He experimented with peppered moths and showed that in different environments the moths that were better camouflaged had the higher survival rate. |
| genes (299) | segments of DNA that code for a particular protein; they're the carriers of inheritable characteristics. |
| phenotypic variation (299) | variation in the physical characteristics of an organism; it is caused by a combination of genetic instructions and environmental influences, such as nutrition and exercise. |
| population (300) | a collection of individuals of the same species in a given area whose members can breed with one another |
| gene pool (300) | a common group of genes shared by members of a population |
| relative frequency (300) | the number of times an event (allele) occurs compared with the number of times another event (other alleles for the same gene) occurs |
| reason for evolutionary change (301) | a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population |
| species (302) | a group of organisms that share similar characteristics & can interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring |
| niche (304) | the combination of an organism's habitat and its role in that habitat; no two species can occupy the same niche in the same location for a long period of time. |
| speciation (305) | the process by which new species appear |
| reproductive isolation (305) | the separation of populations so that they do not interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| Galapagos Islands (306-307) | islands off the coast of Ecuador in South America where Darwin observed the 14 varieties of finches |
| adaptive radiation (308) | the process, also called divergent evolution, in which 1 species gives rise to many species that appear different externally, but which are similar internally |
| divergent evolution (308) | the pattern of evolution, also called adaptive radiation, in which one species gives rise to many species that appear different externally but are similar internally |
| convergent evolution (308) | the phenomenon in which adaptive radiations among different organisms produce species which are similar in appearance & behavior; it's the opposite of divergent evolution. |
| analogous structures (308) | structures that are similar in appearance and function but have different origins and usually different internal structures |
| genetic drift (311) | the random change in the frequency of a gene |
| gradualism (312) | the theory that evolutionary change occurs slowly and gradually |
| equilibrium (312) | the state in which no net change occurs |
| mass extinction (313) | the phenomenon in which many species suddenly vanish |
| punctuated equilibrium (313) | a pattern on long stable periods of time that are interrupted by brief periods of change (a theory about the different evolutionary rates for different organisms at different times) |
