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| What 3 incorrect assumptions did Lamarck made in explaining how adaptation occurred? | (1) Organisms change because they have in inborn urge to better themselves & become fitter for their environments; (2) change occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways (3) acquired characteristics are inherited. |
| How did Lyell's book, PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY, influence Darwin? | It helped convince Darwin that the Earth was much older than most people of his time believed. |
| What were the 3 major influences on the development of Darwin's theory of evolution? | Charles Lyell's book on the age of the Earth; the breeding programs of farmers; the economist, Thomas Malthus, who believed the birth rate would exceed the Earth's capacity to support the population. |
| How did farmers' practices influence Darwin? | When variations occurred in their stock, farmers noted those & decided which organisms (the strongest & best) to use as breeding stock. |
| Discuss the variance in the peppered moth population in England. | Light brown moths camoflaged themselves on the light bark of oak trees; dark moths showed up & birds ate them; when pollution turned the bark dark brown, the light moths showed up & birds ate them. |
| What is the cause of phenotypic variation? | gene mutations cause the variations; natural selection determines if it will continue. |
| How are antibiotics & insecticides examples of more rapid evolution? (303) | Antibiotics & insecticides have become regularly present in our environment; as a result, genes have evolved in a few individuals that make them resistant to the antibiotics or pesticides. |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle? | The relative frequency of alleles in a population's gene pool remains the same if: (1) population is large enough so genetic drift alone doesn't cause changes in the gene pool; (2) mutations don't occur; (3) all genotypes have equal fitness; (4) no organisms enter or leave the population in a way that brings or eliminates genes; (5) population mating is at random. |
| What's the process of speciation? | Reproductive isolation due to geography, differences in courtship behavior, or fertile periods causes a new species to form (most common way). |
| Briefly tell how Darwin's finches are an example of speciation. | (1) Descendants of a few ancestral finches from S. America (2) some finches flew to a second island (3) each finch adapted to its environment (4) finches prefer to mate with birds that have same size beak, so reproductive isolation happened (5) when birds mix, they either coexist, become extinct, or evolve further. |
| Tell how WINGS are an example of analogous structures. | Butterfly wings are made of thin nonliving membrane with intricate supports; bird's wing is made of skin, muscles, arm bones; bats' wings are made of skin stretched between elongated finger bones. |
| What's the relationship between chance & genetic change? | Genetic drift implies that all characteristics of an organism do not have to contribute to its survival fitness. |
| Give examples of chance in genetic changes (311).. | the one horned Indian rhinoceros & the two-horned African rhinoceros; one hump African camels and two humped Asian camels |
| Give an example of species that has remained nearly unchanged for a long period of time. | the horseshoe crab, Limulus (known as living fossils) |
| When can rapid evolution occur? | (1) when a small population of species becomes isolated from the main part of the population, so it evolves more rapidly (312); (2) a small group of organisms migrates to a new environment; (3) dramatic changes on Earth (313). |
| Why do biologists consider evolutionary theory the foundation on which all biological science is built? | (1) It's important that all living organisms are related through common descent so we can talk about universal characteristics of life (2) Similar physiological properties of multicellular organisms help us learn how our own bodies operate (3) it helps us understand the way organisms interact with each other & their environments. |
