| A | B |
|---|
| Gaul | today, most of this land is called "France" |
| Arians | taught many barbarians a false idea about Jesus (that he was not God's Son) |
| Clovis | king of the Franks who became a Christian after praying during an impossible-to-win battle |
| Clotilde | the wife of Clovis; she was a Christian |
| "do-nothing" kings | the kings after Clovis and before Pepin |
| Charles Martel | a mayor of the palace who was the father of Pepin the Short |
| Pepin the Short | he was the mayor of the palace who took over as king |
| Charlemagne | the king (later emperor) who had tremendous successful putting most of the old Western Roman Empire back into one empire |
| Henry the Fowler | the first king since Charlemage to have some success making Germany strong |
| Otto the Great | he was crowned emperor of the new Holy Roman Empire |
| education | Charlemagne promoted this; he even had a school built in his palace |
| Holy Roman Empire | the name of Otto's empire |
| simony | paying money to get something spiritual |
| Vatican City | the only papal state left in the world today |
| Franks | tribe of Clovis, Pepin, and Charlemagne |
| Papal States | land owned by the Roman Catholic Church |
| convert to Christianity | one of Charlemagne's two main goals |
| conquer | one of Charlemagne's two main goals |
| missionaries | Charlemagne left these people behind in conquered areas (they were to instruct people about God) |
| messengers | Charlemagne sent these people out, two at a time, to check up on the counts |
| Aachen | the capital of Charlemagne's empire |
| keep order | one of the three duties of a count |
| collect taxes | one of the three duties of a count |
| overseeing the courts | one of the three duties of a count |
| Christmas Day | Clovis was baptized; Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope |
| Dark Ages | the first few hundred years of the Middle Ages when few could read or write |
| Pope Gregory VII | the first pope to choose new bishops (before this, the king/emperor chose) |
| Emperor Henry IV | he was excommunicated by the pope when he refused to allow popes to choose new bishops |
| excommunication | a tool of the Roman Catholic Church whereby a person is officially "kicked out" of church membership |
