| A | B |
|---|
| What shaped how early human societies lived | physical environment |
| continent did the first forms of man evolve? | Africa |
| form of early man emerged about 100,000 to 400,000 years ago | homo sapien |
| Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to | Eurasia, Australia, Americas |
| early man gain his food? | through hunting and gathering |
| Early man was dependent on the availability of | wild plants and animals |
| Early man was able to overcome his physical environment because he developed | Culture |
| 2 characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies | nomadic, lived in clans, hunted, gathered |
| 4 things which developed during the Old Stone Age | use fire, make tools, oral language, cave art |
| Old Stone Age | Paleolithic |
| person who migrates in search of food, water and shelter | Nomad |
| developed the first tools and weapons | hunter-gatherer societies |
| 5 things which developed during the New Stone Age | agriculture, domesticated animals, advanced tools, pottery, weaving skills |
| New Stone Age | Neolithic |
| effect did agriculture have on how early man lived | reliable source of food |
| carbon dating | analyze fossils and artifacts |
| artifact | man-made object from the past |
| studies past cultures by locating & analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts | archaeologist |
| archaeological site in England was built during the Neolithic period | Stonehenge |
| What did river valleys provide for | rich soil for crops and protection from invasion |
| area located from the Mediterranean coast to Mesopotamia | Fertile Crescent |
| When did the first river civilizations appear | 3500-500 BC |
| Egypt is located next to what river | Nile |
| located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers | Mesopotamia |
| river valley civilization was located in India | Indus River Valley |
| river was China’s river civilization located | Huang He |
| what continent is Mesopotamia located | Asia |
| Where did the first civilizations develop | around the Fertile Crescent |
| groups invaded river valley civilizations | nomadic peoples |
| Who settled between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River Valley | Hebrews |
| group settled along the Eastern Mediterranean coast | Phoenicians |
| civilization was located on the upper Nile River Valley | Kush |
| Cradles of Civilization” located | river valleys |
| Who ruled Egypt | pharaohs |
| How did rulers in the river valleys gain power | through hereditary(from family) |
| dynasty | a family of rulers |
| Most river civilizations had a rigid class system | True |
| accepted in most river valley civilizations | slavery |
| government of early Mesopotamian civilizations often had a centralized government based on | religious authority |
| two written law codes of the Fertile Crescent. | Code of Hammurabi, Ten Commandments |
| empire | group of states governed by one ruler |
| city and its surrounding lands | city-state |
| two metals used to make tools and weapons | bronze, iron |
| traded throughout the Mediterranean Sea and on Middle Eastern rivers | Phoenicians |
| 3 reasons river valley civilizations had an agricultural surplus. | better tools, plows, irrigation |
| Where were the world’s first cities located | Fertile Crescent, river valleys |
| work according to their skills | specialization of labor |
| type of religion did most people of the Fertile Crescent practice | polytheism |
| type of religion did the Hebrews follow | monotheism |
| Judaism is the foundation of what other religions | Christianity, Islam |
| civilization was the first to follow one God | Hebrews |
| Who led the Hebrews out of Mesopotamia | Abraham |
| received the Ten Commandments | Moses |
| holy city of the Hebrews | Jerusalem |
| led the Jews out of Egypt | Moses |
| states the proper moral and religious conduct for Hebrews | Ten Commandments |
| written records and beliefs of the Hebrews | Torah |
| belief in one God | monotheism |
| religion of the Hebrews | Judaism |
| Hebrews were captured and taken to Babylon | Exile |
| The Hebrews were forced to leave Palestine because they rebelled | Diaspora |
| used hieroglyphics | Egyptians |
| 2 important cultural innovations developed in early river valleys | language, writing |
| civilization developed the alphabet as we know | Phoenicians |
| used cuneiform | Sumer |
| earliest written symbols | pictograms |
| Persian civilization developed from what previous civilizations | Central Asia, Mesopotamian |
| Persians treat the people they conquered | with tolerance |
| bureaucracy | people who work for the government |
| religion did the Persians follow | Zoroastrianism |
| What did the Persians do to improve communication and trade | built road system |
| largest empire in the ancient world before Alexander the Great | Persia |
| second river valley in India to be settled | Ganges River |
| invaded and conquered the original Indus River Valley civilization | Indo-Aryan people |
| India’s rigidly structured social system | caste_ |
| Name 3 geographic barriers which made invading India harder | Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Indian Ocean |
| 3 geographic barriers which made invading India hard | Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Indian Ocean |
| mountains to the west of the Indian sub-continent | Hindu Kush |
| mountains to the east of the Indian sub-continent | Himalayas |
| what mountain range did invaders reach India | Hindu Kush |
| 2 main rivers of the Indian subcontinent | Indus, Ganges |
| What did the caste system influence | social interactions, choice of occupation |
| During what empire was India’s Golden Age of Culture | Gupta |
| non-religious contributions of India | mathematics, new textiles, literature |
| religion of classical India | Hinduism |
| religion believes in one major deity who takes many forms | Hinduism |
| cycle of rebirth | reincarnation |
| reincarnation based on present behavior | karma |
| sacred writings of Hinduism | Vedas, Upanishads |
| What religion did Siddhartha Gautama found | Buddhism |
| Where was Buddhism founded | India, present day Nepal |
| to gain Enlightenment | follow Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path |
| Who was Buddha | Siddhartha Gautama |
| sent missionaries to spread Buddhism throughout Asia | Asoka |
| 2 basic beliefs of Buddhism | Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path |
| river valley classical China’s civilization located | Huang He |
| another name for the Huang He | Yellow river |
| Why was the Great Wall built | to protect China from invaders |
| when did China’s civilization begin | 1500 Bce |
| What 2 religions did China contribute | Confucianism, Taoism |
| built the Great Wall of China | Qin Shi Huangdi |
| ruling families of China | dynasties |
| Chinese rulers served under the authority of | mandate of heaven |
| Chinese emperors were considered | divine |
| connected China to cultures as far away as Rome | Silk Road |
| People who work for the bureaucracy | civil service system |
| fabric did China contribute to the world | silk |
| 4 contributions of classical China | civil service system, paper, porcelain, silk |
| religion believes that humans are good, not bad | Confucianism |
| 5 beliefs of Confucianism | humans are good, not bad, respect elders, code of politeness, emphasis on education, ancestor worship |
| belief of Confucianism still influences China today | code of politeness |
| represents opposites | yin/yang |
| believes in a simple life and inner peace | Taoism |
| believes man should live in harmony with nature | Taoism |
| 3 religions are practiced in China | Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism |
| geographic feature shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greece | physical geography of Aegean Basin |
| Hellenic civilization took place in | Greece |
| How did the Greeks spread the Hellenic culture | through trade and colonization |
| sea is located east of Greece | Aegean Sea |
| sea is located south of Greece | Mediterranean Sea |
| strait leads to the Black Sea | Bosporus |
| peninsula is located east of Greece | Asia Minor |
| home of Alexander the Great | Macedonia |
| 2 main city-states of Greece | Athens, Sparta |
| trade one good for another | barter |
| chief occupation of the Greeks | agriculture |
| Why did the Greeks colonize outside Greece | overpopulation, search for arable land |
| the design of Greek city-states promote | civic and commercial life |
| Greeks practiced | polytheistic |
| 3 things Greek mythology explained | natural phenomena, human qualities, life events |
| Zeus | king of the gods |
| Artemis | goddess of the hunt, moon |
| Apollo | god of light, sun |
| Athena | goddess of wisdom, patron goddess of Athens |
| Hera | goddess of marriage |
| Aphrodite | goddess of love and beauty |
| city-state had the most democratic government of its time | Athens |
| Greek citizens | free adult males |
| responsibility did Greek citizens have | civic participation in government |
| 3 groups had no political power | women, foreigners, slaves |
| government was ruled by one family | monarchy |
| ruled by a small group of nobles | aristocracy |
| one person who seized power | tyranny |
| citizens who could vote | democracy |
| created written laws with severe punishments | Draco |
| expanded participation in the Assembly? | Solon |
| city-state had a direct democracy | Athens |
| 3 democratic principles began in Athens | direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen |
| Greek city-state had a militaristic and aggressive society | Sparta |
| Greek city-state had an oligarchy | Sparta |
| city-state had a rigid social structure | Sparta |
| government is ruled by a small group | oligarchy |
| united Athens and Sparta against an external enemy | Persian |
| 2 battles of the Persian Wars | Marathon, Salamis |
| A result of the Persian War for the Greeks | Aegean |
| alliance headed by Athens | Delian League |
| war was caused by competition between Athens & Sparta for control of the Greek world | Peloponnesian |
| What was the alliance headed by Sparta | Peloponnesian League |
| Pericles | leader of Athens who extended democracy to most adult males |
| rebuilt Athens after the Persian Wars | Pericles |
| building was rebuilt after the Persian Wars | Parthenon |
| wrote the Iliad & the Odyssey | Homer |
| 2 Greek dramatic playwrights | Aeschylus, Sophocles |
| first Greek historian | Herodotus |
