| A | B |
|---|
| What are the four phases of the cell cycle? | G1, S, G2, and M |
| Chromosomes are only visible when ___. | the cell is dividing |
| When the cell is most actively growing, it is in the ____ phase. | G1 |
| When DNA is replicating, the cell is in the ___ phase. | S |
| When the cell is preparing for mitosis, it is in the ____ phase. | G2 |
| When the cell is undergoing cell division, it is in the ___ phase. | M |
| In order, what are the four stages of mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (remember PMAT) |
| G1, S, and G2 all occur during ____. | interphase |
| Cell division ends during ___. | cytokinesis |
| The ____ is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. | cell cycle |
| The ___ holds sister chromatids together. | centromere |
| The centromere region is where _____ are held together. | sister chromatids |
| After chromosomes undergo DNA replication, they consist of two identical ____ that are attached to each other. | sister chromatids |
| During which stages of mitosis are sister chromatids attached to each other? | prophase and metaphase |
| During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids start to separate? | anaphase |
| During which stage of mitosis are sister chromatids lined up along the center of the cell? | metaphase (thing metaphase = middle) |
| During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down? | prophase |
| During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes condense to become visible? | prophase |
| Centrioles help organize a fan-like group of protein fibers called the ____ that help pull the chromosomes apart. | spindle |
| In animal cells, ________ help organize a fan-like group of protein fibers called the spindle that help pull the chromosomes apart. | Centrioles |
| The division of the cytoplasm itself is called ___. | cytokinesis |
| In plant cells, cytokinesis is accomplished with the formation of a ___ between the two new cells. | cell plate |
| During which stage of mitosis are the chromosomes divided into the two opposite ends of the cell and the nuclear membrane reforms? | telophase |
| The two main stages of cell division are ___. | mitosis and cytokinesis |
| One main difference between cell division in plants versus animals is that plants have ___. | a cell plate |
| One main difference between cell division in plants versus animals is that animal cells have ___. | centrioles |
| During normal cell division, a human cell with 46 chromosomes would produce two daughter cells with ___ chromosomes each. | 46 |
| A cell that has 5 chromosomes in G1 would have ___ chromosomes in G2 | 10 (remember they replicate during the S phase which occurs between G1 and G2) |
Which stage of mitosis is depicted in the picture below?,  | Prophase, |
Which stage of mitosis is depicted in the picture below?,  | Metaphase, |
Which stage of mitosis is depicted in the picture below?,  | Anaphase, |
Which stage of mitosis is depicted in the picture below?,  | Telophase, |
Which stage of the cell cycle is depicted in the picture below?,  | Interphase, |
The structures labeled A are,  | sister chromatids, |
| The structures labeled B are, | spindle fibers, |
| The area labeled C is called the ___., | centromere, |
The plant cell labeled A is in ____.,  | anaphase, |
| The plant cell labeled B is in ____., | telophase, |
| The plant cell labeled C is in ____., | interphase, |
| The plant cell labeled D is in ____., | prophase, |
| The plant cell labeled E is in ____., | metaphase, |
| Uncontrolled cell division is also known as ______. | cancer |
| When cells divide over and over again because of cancer, a lump of cells called a ____ forms. | tumor |
| How is the cell cycle controlled (ie - turned on, off, slowed down, sped up)? | Special proteins inside the cell act as on switches, or off switches to speed up or slow down the cell cycle as needed. |
| A ____ can cause the proteins that control cell division to malfunction, causing the cell to divide uncontrollably. | mutation in DNA |
| The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the letter ___. | n |
| A carrot has a diploid number of 18. What is it's haploid number? | 9 |
| Gametes are produced by the process of ___. | meiosis |
| Another word for sex cell is ___. | gamete |
| What are the two main types of gametes? | sperm and egg |
| During which stage of meiosis do chromosomes form tetrads? | prophase I |
| During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell? | metaphase I |
| During which stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other? | anaphase II |
| What happens between meiosis I and meiosis II that reduces the number of chromosomes? | DNA replication does not occur. |
| When does the DNA replication involved with meiosis occur? | Interphase I only (remember, there is no interphase II, and technically, interphase is not a stage of meiosis. It occurs before meiosis) |
| What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans? | 46 (also written as 2n=46) |
| What is the haploid number for humans? | 23 (also written as n=23) |
| The sex cells of fruit flies have 4 chromosomes each. What is the diploid number of chromosomes for fruit flies? | 8 (remember the diploid number is always twice the haploid number) |
| _________ are chromosomes that have the same types of genes, but are not identical. | Homologous |
| _________ are chromosomes that have the same types of genes, and are identical. | Sister chromatids |
| A _____ is a segment of DNA that has the instructions for making one protein. | gene |
| A chromosome is made of ___ DNA molecule(s) | one |
| When two homologous chromosome pairs are lined up right next to each other during meiosis, they are referred to as a ___. | tetrad |
| An organism's gametes have ___ the number of chromosomes as are found in the organism's body cells. | half |
| During which stage of meiosis might crossing over occur? | prophase I |
| When homologous chromosomes are lined up next to each other during meiosis, they might swap pieces of DNA. This phenomenon is called ___. | crossing over |
| Crossing over during meiosis is important because it increases ___. | genetic variation (= the number of different chromosomes, and therefore different combinations of traits, that offspring can inherit) |
Which diagram is mitosis and which is meiosis?,  | Mitosis is on the left and meiosis is on the right., |
When chromosomes are lined up like this during meiosis, what are they referred to as?,  | A tetrad, |
Which process from meiosis is shown below and during which stage would it occur?,  | The picture shows "crossing over" and it usually happens during prophase I., |
| As a cell becomes larger, its volume increases _____ than its surface area. | faster |
| As a cell becomes larger, its surface area increases _____ than its volume. | slower |
| The rate at which a cell produces waste is determined by its ____. | volume |
| The rate at which a cell can get rid of waste is determined by its ____. | surface area |
| The rate at which a cell can take in nutrients is determined by its ____. | surface area |
| The amount of nutrients that a cell needs is determined by its ___. | volume |
| Besides the problem of taking in nutrients and getting rid of waste, what is another problem that cells face when they get too big? | DNA overload (Basically, the DNA is like a library and when cells get bigger, its like a city getting bigger wiithout increasing the number or size of its libraries) |
What is the color of the curve that would represent volume in a graph of volume versus surface area as cells grow?,  | the red curve, |
| What is the color of the curve that would represent surface area in a graph of volume versus surface area as cells grow?, | the blue curve, |
| True or false: Interphase is a stage in both mitosis and meiosis. | False (Interphase is not a part of mitosis or meiosis. Interphase happens before mitosis and meiosis) |
| True or false: Mitosis is asexual reproduction while meiosis is asexual reproduction. | False (Meiosis is something that has to happen before sexual reproduction can happen, but the process of making sex cells is not sexual reproduction. Mitosis is only an example of asexual reproduction when single-celled organisms use it as part of their cell cycle to split in half and produce a new but genetically identical single-celled organism. When cells reproduce in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, they are not said to be undergoing asexual reproduction because a single cell in a multicellular organism is not an organism on its own) |
