| A | B |
|---|
| cuticle | waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water loss |
| cellulose | chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support |
| vascular plant | plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant |
| nonvascular plant | plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures |
| rhizoid | threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground |
| pioneer species | first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow |
| stomata | small openings in the surface of most plant leaves that allow carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen to enter and exit |
| guard cells | pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing |
| xylem | vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout a plant |
| phloem | vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant |
| cambium | vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows |
| gymnosperm | vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes |
| angiosperm | flowering vascular plants that produce a fruit containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots |
| monocot | angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts arranged in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem |
| dicot | angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings |
