| A | B |
|---|
| Copernicus | Believed the earth was round, rotated on its axis in concentric circles around the sun. |
| Hypotheses | theories that attempt to explain a set of facts, on study and observation |
| Galileo Galilei | used telescope to support heliocentric theory & faced opposition from the catholic church for spreading ideas that contradicted its position |
| scientific method | steps to find scientific truth through observation and experimentation |
| Isaac Newton | formulated law of gravity. Wrote "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" often called "Principia" |
| calculus | a system of mathematics that calculates changing forces or quantities. Developed by Newton. |
| Natural Law | a universal moral law that, like physical laws, culd be understood by applying reason |
| Natural Rights | rights belonging to all humans from birth |
| Thomas Hobbes | Believed humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection. |
| John Locke | Believed people are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property |
| Thomas Jefferson | He based much of the Declaration of Independence on Locke's ideas. |
| pacifism | opposition to war or violence |
| enlightened despots | rulers who sought to govern by Enlightenment principles while mainting thier royal power |
| Rousseau | Wrote "The Social Contract" |
| romanticism | a cultural movement that celebrated emotion and the individual |
| Montesquieu | Believed the best form of government includes a separation of powers. |
| Voltaire | Believed religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state |
| Kepler | Discovered planetary motion in elliptical orbits around the sun |
| William Harvey | Discovered circulation of blood |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | Baroque composer |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Classical composer |
| Miguel de Cervantes | author of the novel 'Don Quixote' |
| Eugène Delacroix | Painter of 'Liberty Leading the People' (transition to the Romantic School of the 19th century) |
