| A | B |
|---|
| hydrocarbons | organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen |
| alkanes | hydrocarbons that contain only single covalent bonds |
| straight-chain alkanes | alkanes that contain any number of carbons one after another in a chain |
| substituent | atom or group of atoms that take the place of a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule |
| alkyl group | a hydrocarbon substituent |
| branched-chain alkanes | alkanes that contain one or more alkyl substituents |
| unsaturated compounds | organic compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds |
| saturated compounds | hydrocarbons that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom |
| alkenes | contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond |
| alkynes | contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond |
| isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures |
| structural isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula, but the atoms are joined in a different order |
| stereoisomers | molecules in which the atoms are joined in the same order, but the arrangements of the atoms in space are different |
| geometric isomers | isomers that differ in the concentration of groups around a double bond |
| trans configuration | configuration with substituted groups on opposite sides of the double bond |
| cis configuration | configuration with substituted groups on the same side of the double bond |
| asymmetric carbon | a carbon with four different groups attached |
| optical isomers | pairs of molecules that differ only in the way four different groups are arranged around a central carbon atom |
| resonance | when two or more equally valid structures can be drawn for a molecule |
| aromatic compounds | group of hydrocarbons that contain a benzene ring or a ring with bonding like that of benzene |
| phenyl group | name given to a benzene ring when it is a substituent |
| cyclic hydrocarbons | organic compounds that contain hydrocarbon rings |
| anthracite | hard coal, which is high in carbon content |
| cracking | process by which hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller molecules |
| lignite | brown coal, consisting of about 50 percent carbon |
| petroleum | fossil fuel containing straight- and branched-chain alkanes |
| distillation | process by which petroleum is separated into fractions |
| substitution reaction | the reaction of chlorine with ethane to produce ethyl chloride and hydrogen chloride |
| alkyl halide | CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl |
| aryl halides | a class of organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms are joined to a carbon of an arene ring |
| functional group | a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions |
| fermentation | the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria |
| addition | the reaction of HBr with propene to form 1-bromopropane |
| hydrogenation | the reaction of hydrogen with butene to form butane |
| alcohols | a class of organic compounds whose structures contain an -OH group |
| hydration reaction | the addition of water to an alkene |
| carboxyl group | a group of atoms that consists of a carbonyl group attached reaction to a hydroxyl group |
| fatty acids | long continuous-chain carboxylic acids isolated from fats |
| dehydrogenation | the loss of hydrogen |
| esters | derivative of carboxylic acids in which the -OH of the carbonyl group has be replaced by an -OR from an alcohol |
| ketones | organic compounds in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons |
| polymer | a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules |
| addition polymer | polypropylene |
| condensation polymerization | requires that there be two functional groups on each monomer molecule |
| KevlarTM | a tough, flexible, and flame- resistant condensation polymer used to construct bullet-proof vests |
