| A | B |
|---|
| Endocrine | is composed of glands that secrete substances called hormones |
| Endocrine glands | are the ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| hormones | are substances produced in one part of the body that affect parts in another part of the body |
| target cells | are cells that have receptors for a particular hormone |
| polypeptide hormones | are hormones composed of large chains of amino acids which bind to the target cells |
| steroid hormones | are hormones that are composed of lipids which diffuse into the target cells |
| exocrine glands | are glands that release their secretions through tubes called ducts, sweat glands and digestive glands |
| Thyroid gland | thyroxine (Calcitonin) regulates the metabolic rate of the body malfunctions |
| hyperthyroidism | over production of thyroxine, results in nervousness, elevated body tempurature,increased heart and metabolic rates, increased blood pressure and weight loss |
| hypothyroidism | under production of thyroxine, results in lower metabolic rates and body tempurature, a lack of energy and weight gain |
| cretinism | under production of thyroxine in infants which results in dwarfism and mental retardation |
| parathyroid gland | parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulates the release of calcium from bone |
| tetany | violent muscular spasms |
| adrenal glands | divided into the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| adrenal cortex | corticosteriods; affects water and salt balence by the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium |
| corticosteriods | regulate the reabsorption of sodium, the excretion of potassium and control the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatsm and proteins |
| Addison disease | results from a decrease of adrenal cortex activity causing weight loss, low blood pressure and general weakness |
| Cushing syndrome | results from an increase of activity of adrenal cortex causing obesity, increased blood sugar levels, high blood pressure and weakening of bones |
| adrenal medulla | adrenaline and noradrenaline (separate defintions) |
| adrenaline | increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood supply to skeletal muscles |
| noradrenaline | stimulates the heart muscle |
| Gonads | general name of the reproductive organs |
| testes | produces sperm and the hormone testosterone |
| testosterone | causes the testes to produce sperm at puberty and the secondary sex characteristics |
| ovaries | produces ova (eggs) and the hormones estrogen and progesterone |
| estrogen | causes the ovary to produce eggs at puberty and the secondary sex characteristics |
| progesterone | prepares the uterus for implantation of developing organism |
| pancreas | located behind the stomach contains a cluster of cells called the islets of langerhans which secretes two hormones, insulin and glucagon |
| insulin | prevents the level of glucose from rising in the blood immediately after of meal |
| diabetes mellitus | a cpndition in which the amount of glucose in the blood is too high in the blood, it can't be reabsorbed, thus is excreted in the urine (2 types) |
| Type 1 | (juvenile diabetes) develops in people before the age of 25, there is little or no insulin produced, controlled by daily insulin shots and strict diet |
| Type 2 | adult diabetes-develops in people over the age of 40, insulin produced, cells don't respond, controlled by diet |
| glucagon | increases the glucose level in the blood two hours after eating |
| pituitary gland | posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary |
| anterior | secretes FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH |
| posterior | secretes ADH, oxytocin |
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) | stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water |
| oxytocin | in females during pregnancy stimulates the muscles in the uterus to aid in pushing the baby out of the mother during childbirth |
| FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) | stimulates the maturation of the follicle in females and the production of sperm in the male |
| LH (luteinizing hormone) | causes ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum in females and androgen secretion in males |
| TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) | stimulates and maintains metabolic activities |
| ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) | stimulates the adrenal cortex |
| GH (growth hormone or somatotrophin) | stimulates bone growth, fatty acid breakdown and inhibits glucose oxidation |
| giantism | condition that occurs from an overproduction of GH from birth to 15 years of age |
| dwarfism | a condition that occurs from underproduction of GH from birth to 15 years of age |
| acromegaly | a condition that occurs from over production of GH after the late teens, fingers, hands, and feet and possible formation of bony ridge over the eyes and enlargement of the jaw |
| hypothalamus | attached to the posterior pituitary, controls secretion of the pituitary gland |
| negative feedback mechanism | is a process that occurs when an increase in a substance inhibits the process leading to the increase |
