| A | B |
|---|
| Neolithic Revolution | a change which brought agriculture and technology, took thousands of years, in Middle East 6000-3000 BC |
| What caused Neolithic Rev.? | last ice age ended, warmer temps., large game animals died out, people had to remain close to water supplies |
| supplies of water in Egypt/Mesopotamia | Nile, Tigris/Euphrates,Indus, Huang-Ho |
| Effects of Neolithis Rev | farming/people settled down, steady food supply, villages grew, division of labor, more productivity |
| Effects of Neolithic Rev | easier life, increased trade, writing, mathematics |
| elements of civilization | organized gov't and religion |
| elements of civilization | division of labor and class structure |
| elements of civilization | systems of writing |
| organized gov't significance | makes, enforces laws, authority over organized state |
| organized gov't significance | plans lag. projects,standard money system, collect taxes |
| organized religion significance | formalizes religious beliefs, guidance about life, death, nature and spirit |
| organized religion significance | selects clergy, est. rituals, symbols, shrines and sacred places |
| division of labor significance | provides goods and services, enables people to develop skills |
| division of labor significance | encourages trade and new technology, promotes system of social classes |
| class structure significance | difines place in society, reflects distrib. of wealth |
| systems of writing significance | provides way to keep accurate records, way to pass on knowledge |
| cuneiform | sumerian created 3500 BC, wedge shaped |
| Behistun Rock | enabled Sir Henry Rawlinson to break code of cuneiform-1835 |
| Heiroglyphics | Egyptian created, means sacred carving |
| Hieroglyphics | written on papyrus or stone |
| Rosetta Stone | enabled Jean- Francisco Champolliaon to break hieroglyphic code-1822 |
| Heiratic | cursive form of hieroglyphics |
| demotic (hieroglyphics) | first udes to simplify recording of transactions |
| pictogram | picture drawings, describes transaction |
| ideagram | associated with symbols |
| phonograms | developed to represent sounds |
| symbols for sound | owl represents sound m |
| Nile River | flows from sounth to north, 4000 miles long |
| Nile River source | Lake Victoria |
| Nile fertile valley | 7-12 miles wide, floods regularly, excellent farm land |
| Egypt divided by Nile | Lower Egypt (Delta), Upper Egypt (1st cataract to Delta) |
| Nile flooding | June-Oct, people worked for pharaoh |
| natural boundaries of Egypt | protected it from invasion |
| boundaries of Egypt | n-mediterranean, s-mountains/cataracts, e-arabian desert and Red Sea, w-Sahara Des. |
| weakness in Egypt's boundaries | Isthmus of Suez |
| Causes for settlement of Egypt | 9000 BC, hunters forced to Nile Valley as desert grew |
| causes for settlement of Egypt | 5000 BC, farming villages on Nile |
| causes for settlement of Egypt | 4000 BC, villages grouped together, called homes |
| 3100 BC, Egypt | 2 kingdoms emerged |
| 3100 BC, Egypt | upper and lower Egypt united |
| 3100 BC, capital of Egypt | Memphis |
| first recorded king of united Egypt | King Menes |
| Old Kingdom, Egypt | 2800-2270, dynasties 4-8 |
| pharaohs | divine right of kings theory, preside over Nile, succesion through female |
| three social classes, Egypt Old Kdm | upper class, artisans, peasants |
| peasants, Egypt | 85% of society, owed pharaoh 1/5 of crop |
| upper class, Egypt | pharaoh, priest, land nobility |
| artisans | merchants, craftsmen |
| pyramids, Egypt | built during Old Kingdom, funeral tombs and monuments |
| pyramid complex | causeway from Nile, Valley temple (mummification), Mortuary temple, boat pit |
| boat pit-in pyramid complex | passage through the underworld |
| pyramid location | always on west side of Nile |
| Great Pyramid | for Cheops, at Giza, largest -13 acres, 480 ft tall |
| Sphinx | thought to have been built by Khafre |
| religion in Egypt | centered in daily life, gods represent natural forces, only pharaoh immortal |
| Ra | god of the Sun, used as part of pharaohs name |
| Osiris | god of the Nile, resurrection, pharaoh became after death |
| Horus | sky god, son of Osiris, new pharaoh was this god |
| Anubis | god of underworld, dead. embalmer of Osiris |
| Middle Kingdom, Egypt | about 2040-1786 BC , nobles power increased, funeral rights for all |
| Middle Kingdom capital | Thebes |
| Hykos | first to invade Egypt, from Caucaus Mts, had bronze weapons |
| New Kingdom | began in 1570 BC, lasted about 500 yrs |
| Hatshepsut | 1504-1482 BC, first woman ruler in history |
| Amenhotep IV | 1387-1366 BC, rel reform, worship of Aton, one god |
| Tutankhamen | 1366-1357 BC, brother and son inlaw of Amenhotep IV |
| King Tut | famous for tomb, disc by Howard Carter |
| Ramses II | pharaoh of Exodus, great builder |
| Ramses II | ruled 67 yrs, no written records |
| decline of Egypt | no iron, weak armies, dependent on gold, divided |
| Alexander the Great | conquered Egypt in 332 BC |
| Assyrians | ancient people on Upper Tigris River |
| Babylonia | southern neighbor of Assyria |
| Assyria | covers northern part of Iraq |
| Assyrians | used cuneiform |
| achievement of Old Kindom | great pyramids built |
| acievement - Middle Kingdom | culture and trade flourished |
| acheivements- New Kingdom | pharaohs built empire to Mesopotamia and Africa |
| cradle of civilization | where farming began 8000 yrs ago |
| first system of writing | cuneiform |
| Mesopotamia | cradle of civilization, land between two rivers |
| mesopotamia-geography | hot, dry climate, present day Iraq, flat land, floods |
| mesopotamian culture | wrote in clay, cruel gods, chaotic universe |
| Sumerians | first civilization, from Armenian region |
| Sumerians | built ziggurats, step-pyramids |
| Sumerians | invented the wheel, constellation maps, math system, wgts and meas. |
| Akkadians | led by Sargon I, kingdom lasted 160 yrs. |
| Babylonians | 1800-1600 BC, adopted Sumerian culture |
| Hammurabi | c. 1750 BC, Bab. king, codigied Bab. law |
| Hittites | 1600-1200 BC, defeated Bab., intro iron |
| after Hittites | Phoenicians and Hebrews |
| Assyrians | 900-612 BC, largest empire, great org |
| Nineveh | capital of Assyrians |
| Ashurbanipaal | strong ruler of Assyria |
| Chaldeans | 612-550 BC, neo- Babylonians |
| Nebuchadnezzar | 605-562 BC, defeated Judea, extended empire, hanging gardens |
| Babylon | capitol of Chaldeans |
| Chaldeans | defeated by Persians |
