| A | B |
|---|
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the lands of the Western Hemisphere between them and moved the Line of Demarcation to the west |
| missionary | a settlement created by the Church in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity |
| mercantilism | an economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Italian sailor who realized he did not find Asia and a German mapmaker named the continent after him |
| conquistador | Spanish conquerors |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered ancient Aztecs |
| Montezuma | Aztec emperor |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca civilization in the Andes Mountains of Peru |
| colony | a region or people that is politically and economically controlled by another country |
| seige | surrounding of a city |
| Henry Hudson | English explorer who sailed for the Dutch and arrived in present-day New York; he has a river and bay named after him |
| John Cabot | Italian sailor who explored for the English and landed in the area of Newfoundland, Canada |
| Giovanni da Verrazzano | Italian explorer who explored for the French to find the Northwest Passage |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who traveled up the St. Lawrence River to present-day Montreal |
| Spanish Armada | fleet of ships sent by Philip II to invade England and restore Roman Catholicism |
| Samuel de Champlain | Frenchman who explorer the St. Lawrence and founded Quebec the first permanent French settlement in North America |
| New France | a fur-trading post established in Canada that became the first permanent French settlement in North America |
| armada | a fleet of warships |
| viceroyalty | a province ruled by a a viceroy, who ruled in the king's name |
| encomienda | a grant of Native American labor |
| hacienda | a large farm or estate |
| mission | a settlement created by the Church in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity |
| Pope | led the Pueblo Americans in a rebellion against the Spanish |
| plantation | a large farm that raises cash crops |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish Catholic priest who spent much of his life fighting against the abuse of Native Americans; called the "Protector of the Indians" |
| Columbian Exchange | movement of animals, plants, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres |
| slavery | the practice of holding a person in bondage for labor |
| African Diaspora | the forced removal of Africans from their homelands to serve as slave labor in the Americas |
| Middle Passage | the middle leg of the triangular trade route- the voyage from Africa to the Americas - that brought captured Africans into slavery |
| slave codes | a law passed to regulate the treatment of slaves |
| racism | the belief that some people are inferior because of their race |
| depopulated | to lose population |
| diaspora | the scattering of people outside their homeland |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spaniard who first found the Pacific by traveling across Panama |
| Ferdinand Megallan | Portuguese sailor who was the first to sail around the world |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital, place of current Mexico City |
| Atahualpa | Incan emperor |
| Francisco Vazquez de Coronado | Spanish explorer who traveled in present-day Arizona |
| Hernando de Soto | Spanish explorer who explored Florida |
| Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo | Spanish explorer who sailed up the California coast |
| Francis Drake | first Englishman to sail around the world |
| Huguenots | French Protestants |
| Pedro Menendez de Aviles | Spanaird who built a fort in St. Augustine, Florida |
| galleons | bulky Spanish ships |
| sea dog | daring sailor |
| metizos | people of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry |
| sugar | the most important crop that was in great demand in Europe |
