| A | B |
|---|
| chloroplast | specialized organelle that contains a light-harvesting system to convert solar energy into chemical energy |
| prokaryotic cells | cells of bacteria |
| carbon cycle | the movement of carbon through the environment between photosynthetic organisms and animals |
| eukaryotic cell | a cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| carbohydrates | monomers and polymers of polyhydroxy aldehydes and polyhydroxy ketones |
| disaccharide | sucrose |
| glucose | a monosaccharide that can polymerize to form starch |
| fructose | a simple sugar that occurs in a large number of fruits and honey |
| starch | a carbohydrate produced and stored by plants |
| enzyme-substrate complex | the structure that forms when a molecule attaches to an active site of an enzyme |
| coenzyme | a metal ion or small molecule that must be present for a catalyzed reaction to occur |
| substrate | a molecule on which an enzyme acts |
| saponification | the hydrolysis of triglycerides with an alkali metal hydroxide |
| triglycerides | triesters of glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids |
| phospholipids | lipids that contain phosphate groups |
| membrane proteins | components of the cell membrane that help ferry nutrients across the lipid bilayer |
| nucleic acids | a polymer of ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides found primarily in cell nuclei |
| DNA fingerprint | the band patterns that form when DNA fragments obtained when enzymes catalyze the cutting of DNA chains are separated and visualized in the laboratory |
| clone | an exact duplication of an organism's DNA and, therefore, of an organism's characteristics |
| recombinant DNA | a DNA chain produced in the laboratory by breaking apart and recombining DNA chains from different organisms |
| nucleotide | one of the monomers that make up DNA and RNA |
| catabolism | energy-yielding reactions in which larger molecules are degraded to smaller molecules |
| metabolism | the set of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism |
| anabolism | reactions in which simple molecules are used to synthesize more complex molecules |
| ATP | an energy-storing molecule used to drive anabolic processes in the cell |
| lipids | class of relatively water-insoluble organic compounds of which waxes, fats, and oils are members |
| enzyme | protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction in a living organism |
| peptide | any combination of amino acids in which the amino group of one acid is united with the carboxylic acid group of another |
| mutation | a random change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA |
| active site | the location in an enzyme molecule into which the substrate of a chemical reaction fits |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | polymer of deoxyribonucleotides found primarily in the nucleus of a cell |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for one kind of protein |
| polysaccharide | complex carbohydrate formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide monomers |
