| A | B |
|---|
| a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. | developmental psychology |
| physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. | fetal alcohol syndrome |
| a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple. | rooting reflex |
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. | habituation |
| biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience | maturation |
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | schema |
| interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas | assimilation |
| adapting one’s current understanding (schemas0 to incorporate new information | accomodation |
| all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | cognition |
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about two years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities | sensorimotor stage |
| the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived | object permanence |
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. | preoperational stage |
| the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. | conservation |
| in Piaget’s theory, the inability of the preoperational stage child to take another’s point of view. | egocentrism |
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. | concrete operational stage |
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. | formal operational stage |
| the fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age | stranger anxiety |
| an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation | attachment |
| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development | critical period |
| the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. | imprinting |
| according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with caregivers. | basic trust |
| a sense of one’s identity and personal worth | self concept |
| the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo | zygote |
| the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month | embryo |
| the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth | fetus |
| agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | tertogens |
| people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict | theory of mind |
| a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction | autism |
