| A | B |
|---|
| attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined | source amnesia |
| incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event | misinformation effect |
| in psychological theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories | repression |
| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information | retroactive interference |
| the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information | proactive interference |
| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood | mood congruent memory |
| a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test | recognition |
| a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank or essay test | recall |
| a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage | hippocampus |
| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” | explicit memory |
| retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory | implicit memory |
| an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory | long-term potentiation |
| a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; If attention is elsewhere, sounds, and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds | echoic memory |
| a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second | iconic memory |
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically | chunking |
| 16. ________________________________________ memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices | mnemonics |
| the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words | semantic encoding |
| the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words | acoustic encoding |
| the encoding of picture images | visual encoding |
| our tendency to recall the best the last and first items in a list | serial position effect |
| the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice | spacing effect |
| the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage | rehearsal |
| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort | effortfulul processing |
| unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings | automatic processing |
| the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system | long-term memory |
| activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information | short-term memory |
| the process of getting information out of memory storage | retrieval |
| the retention of encoded information over time | storage |
| the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning | encoding |
| the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information | memory |
| that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Clues from the current situation that may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience | deja' vu |
| mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding | imagery |
| the loss of memory | amnesia |
| the activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory | primimg |
| a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information retrieved from long-term memory | working memory |
| a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time | relearning |
| the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system | sensory memory |
| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event | flashbulb memory |
