| A | B |
|---|
| a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions | confirmation bias |
| the way an issue is posed; how an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | framing |
| in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | grammar |
| Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think | linguistic determination |
| a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrast with strategy-based solutions | insight |
| the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgments | overconfidence |
| in a language the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | morpheme |
| early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary words” (“go car”) | telegraphic speech |
| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error- prone than algorithms | heuristic |
| estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common | availibility heuristic |
| in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | phoneme |
| beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements | two-word stage |
| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the speedier—but also more error-prone use of heuristics | algorithim |
| judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | representativeness heuristic |
| our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | language |
| the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words | 0ne-word stage |
| a mental image or best example of a category. Provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category | prototype |
| the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving | functional fixedness |
| beginning at age 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | babbling stage |
| a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | concept |
| a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem | mental set |
| the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | syntax |
| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | cognition |
| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving | fixation |
| clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | belief perseverance |
| the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning. | semantics |
| the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid | belief bias |
