| A | B |
|---|
| permafrost | this is a layer of soil below the surface of the Earth that remains permanently frozen |
| Autocrat | this is a ruler that has unlimited power |
| mir | a commune that regulated village life in Russia before the revolution in 1917. |
| Decembrist Revolt | in 1885, uprising in Russia in which a small group of nobles and army officers tried to overthrow Czar's government. |
| Czar | this is a Russian term for ceasar or emperor |
| Duma | an elected assembly agreed by the Russian czar after the revolution of 1905 |
| Marxism | this is a form of Socialsim, named for the philosopher Karl Marx, that had become among rhe revolutionaries by the 1890's. |
| Bloody Sunday | these were days in 1905 on which the Russian workers marching peacefully to the czar's palace were attacked by armed soldiers. |
| Revolution of 1905 | a violent uprising of the Russian workers or peasants against the unjustices of the czar's government |
| Peter the Great | this person hired western engineers, shipbuilders and other technical experts to improve Russia's army and navy |
| Ivan the Great | Ivan III, prince of Moscow who ruled from 1462-1505, and took steps to create a strong Russian state |
| Ivan the Terrible | Ivan's grandson, Ivan IV who was crowned czar in the mid 1500's |
| steppe | this is a huge open plain that stretches over Ukraine and Russia |
| Icon | a religious painting of Jesus, Mary, or saint. |
| general winter | this destroyed armies of the French. |
| Catherine the Great | encouraged Russians to adopt French culture and learning. |
| Pogrom | this organized acts of violence against Jews. |
| Siberia | one of the worlds most richest in storehouses in mineral wealth in gas, coal, minerals, precious metals. |
