| A | B |
|---|
| Euphemism | the use of inoffensive language in place of language that readers or listeners may find hurtful, distasteful, frightening, or otherwise objectionable. Euphemisms maybe be used out of consideration for readers, but it is often used to deceive readers or shirk responsibility |
| Evaluation | judging a writer's merit- in evaluating a work you must suspend personal preference and judge its success in fulfilling the writer's purpose |
| Evidence | the factual basis for an argument or an explanation- in an essay the writer's opinions must be supported by evidence |
| Types of evidence | facts, statistics, examples, reported experience, expert testimony, quotations |
| Example | a form of exposition in which the writer provides instances of a general idea |
| Exposition | the mode of prose writing that explains a subject; its function is to inform, to instruct, or to set forth ideas |
| Fallacies | errors in reasoning that lead to wrong conclusions |
| Figures of speech | occur whenever a writer, for the sake of emphasis or vividness, departs from the literal meanings of words |
| Types of figures of speech | simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, understatement, paradox |
| Flashback | a technique of narrative, involves interrupting the sequence of events to recall an earlier event |
| Focus | the narrowing of a subject to make it manageable; focus can also be on your audience or your purpose |
| General and specific | describes the degrees of abstractness |
| Generalization | a statement about a class based on an examination of some of its members; making a trustworthy generalization involves the use of inductive reasoning |
| Illustration | another name for the expository method of giving examples |
| Image | a word or word sequence that evokes a sensory experience |
| Types of imagery | visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, organic, kinesthetic |
| Inductive reasoning | the process of reasoning to a conclusion about an entire class by examining some of its members |
| Introductions | the openings of written works- they state the writer's subject, narrow it, and communicate an attitude toward it (tone) |
| Effective introduction methods | state your central idea, present startling facts about your subject, tell an illustrative anecdote, give background info. that will help your reader understand your subject, begin with an arresting quotation, ask a challenging question |
| Jargon | the special vocabulary of a trade or profession; but the term has also come to mean inflated, vague, meaningless language of any kind |
