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| Henry Demarest Lloyd | Wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth, critic of laissez faire, said monopolies, big businesses and Robber Barons were the cause of poverty issue. He attacked Rockefeller's standard oil. He proposed government regulation and anti-trust laws to solve the problem |
| Eugene V. Debs | Socialist Party Candidate for President 5 times between 1900 and 1920. He was also a labor organizer |
| John Hay | Secretary of State under McKinley, he sent his famous Open Door notes (later policy) to Britain Germany, and Russia, then later to Japan, Italy and France in 1899. It called all nations to agree to three points in regard to China. |
| William Seward | Secretary of State in 1866, he told France that their presence in Mexico was unacceptable and fifty thousand American troops were sent to the Rio Grande. France withdrew from Mexico. He was also the one who compromised for the purchase of Alaska with Russia. He purchased it for $7.2 million.( |
| Andrew Carnegie | the prince of steel from pittsburgh, rags to riches, sold his company for $500 million, business leader of the late 19th century, believed in gospel of wealth and philanthropy as solution to poverty |
| Oliver H. Kelley | In 1867, he(an American agriculturist) and his associates founded the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry in Washington, D.C. Membership was open to farmers, and it advanced the social, economic, and political interests of farmers in the U.S. It established cooperative stores and purchased agencies and factories for the manufacture of farm machinery. It also initiated a system of fire, windstorm, and automobile insurance. |
| Walter Reed | 1851-1902, an American army surgeon that discovered the causes of diseases such as typhoid and yellow fever. With his discoveries on yellow fever, that it is transmitted through mosquito bites, yellow fever has been almost eliminated in most countries of the world. |
| James B. Weaver | Ran for the Populists in 1892; got 8% of votes |
| Richard Olney | He held two Cabinet posts under President Grover Cleveland. He served as attorney general from 1893 of 1895 and as secretary of state from 1895 to 1897. As attorney general, he became noted for breaking the Pullman strike of 1894. After the strike had tied up railroads running out of Chicago, he obtained an injunction against the strikers by claiming that they were interrupting the mails. Federal troops were sent in, the strike leaders were imprisoned, and the strike was broken. In 1895, as secretary of state, he vigorously upheld the Monroe Doctrine, which he believed was threatened by a boundary dispute between British Guiana (now Guyana) and Venezuela. He persuaded England to agree to arbitration of the matter. He was born in Oxford, Massachusetts. |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States (1913-21), an American scholar and statesman best remembered for his legislative accomplishments and his high-minded idealism. He led his country into World War I and became the creator and leading advocate of the League of Nations, for which he was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize for Peace. During his second term the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, giving women the right to vote, was passed and ratified. He suffered a paralytic stroke while seeking American public support for the Treaty of Versailles (October 1919), and his incapacity, which lasted for the rest of his term of office, caused the worst crisis of presidential disability in American history. |
| William Gorgas | pioneer, physician, and United States Army surgeon general, was born at Toulminville, Alabama, on born October 3, 1854, He was chief of ordnance of the Confederate Army. After training at Bellvue Hospital Medical College, he was appointed to the United States Army Medical Corps in June 1880. He was sent to various posts in Texas for duty-Fort Clark, Fort Duncan, and Fort Brown. While at Fort Brown, from 1882 to 1884, he met Marie Cook Doughty, whom he married in 1885. He was appointed chief sanitary officer in 1898 and surgeon general of the United States Army in 1914. As such, he won international fame battling yellow fever, the scourge of tropical climates-first in Florida, later in Havana, and finally at the Panama Canal. Shortly before he died he was knighted by King George IV in Queen Alexandra Military Hospital. He died on July 3, 1920, and was given a special funeral in St. Paul's Cathedral, with the honors of a British major general. |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | American industrialist and philanthropist, and owner of the New York Railroad; American shipping and railroad magnate who acquired a personal fortune of more than $100,000,000 has a college named after him |
| Samuel Gompers | Led the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886. It was lead by national craft unions not by the workers. The goal of the AFL was to engage in "collective bargaining" with memeber unions on everyday issues. He negotiated a contract with Carnegie steel company. Wrote Labor In Industrial Society. He believed that big business was the cause for poverty and the low wages and poor working conditions. His solution was organized labor unions. |
| Uriah Stephens | the leader of the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869 by Philadelphia tailors; it was an organization for all workers, both skilled and unskilled, regardless of race, national origin, or gender. |
| Edward Bellamy | critic of laissez faire wrote looking backward a book about a man who woke up in the year 2000 and found himself in Utopia a perfect society. When he looked back to see how it was perfect he found that it was because the government had controlled business. |
| Gifford Pinchot | Chief Forrester of the United States under Taft. He was a personal friend of Theodore Roosevelt. A controversy arose when Secretary of the Interior, HIS boss, opened up federal lands to private companies. HE found out about this scandal and told Taft. Taft told him he'd look into it. Taft didn't find anything. HE openly criticized him. Taft fired him. The Progressives got angry with Taft because they loved the environment. |
| Herbert Spencer | a British social philosopher, regarded as one of the first sociologists. He was mainly self-educated, and one of the supporters of natural selection. But as social Darwinist ideas fell from favor, so did his reputation as a philosopher and social theorist. Some of his works include The Man Versus the State (1884) and Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative ( |
| Buffalo Bill Cody | Killed thousands of buffalo for the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Was part of PT barnum's Wild west shows |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Invented telephone |
| Jacob Riis | A critic of Laissez Faire and writer of How the Other Half Lives which spoke about the lives of the poor in NYC |
| Russell Conwell | He founded Temple University in 1884. It began as an evening institution but now includes 15 major divisions and a range of programs. He was a minister and philanthropist. |
| J. Pierpont Morgan | involved in the banking and finance industry. He was a business leader of the 19th century. He bought existing businesses and improved them. |
| William Howard Taft | president of the US after T. Roosevelt put in place "Dollar Diplomacy", developing as a result of American Business ventures in Latin America. In 1912, he sent soldiers into Nicaragua to protect American Business interests. He never really wanted to be president, only accepted to run after T.R. urged him (hand picked successor) He held in place a form of Conservative progressivism, leading to a split in the Republican party. He signed the Payne-Aldrich treaty, raising the tariffs on over 600 items. |
| Terrence V. Powderly | A Scranton machinist who took conrtol of the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor in 1869. He united all workers (except for liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers and bankers) into one huge union. He traveles all over the country recruiting people and establishing more than 30 cooperative enterprises. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | President for two terms; expansionism; big on progressivisim; helped labor; helped with food and drug act; socialism (Catherine) Colonel of the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Vice President under McKinley, President for almost two terms, ran for the "Bull Moose" Progressive Party in 1912. Certain children's toy named after him. Liked to go on big game hunts in Africa. |
| Ida Tarbell | She was a muckraker, journalist that exposed the misdeeds of business, in this case the Standard Oil Company. |
| Upton Sinclair | he Jungle (1906), his sixth novel and first popular success, was written when he was sent by the socialist weekly newspaper Appeal to Reason to Chicago to investigate conditions in the stockyards. Though intended to create sympathy for the exploited and poorly treated immigrant workers in the meat-packing industry, The Jungle instead aroused widespread public indignation at the quality of and impurities in processed meats and thus helped bring about the passage of federal food-inspection laws. |
| Alfred T. Mahan | n 1890 he published his college lectures as The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. In this book he argued for the paramount importance of sea power in national historical supremacy. The book, which came at a time of great technological improvement in warships, won immediate recognition abroad. In his second book, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812 (1892), he stressed the interdependence of the military and commercial control of the sea and asserted that the control of seaborne commerce can determine the outcome of wars. (Laura) His book as described above convinced the US on the importance of building a navy so they could become a world power |
| George Westinghouse | 1846-1914-An inventor that lived in Central Bridge, NY. He invented the railway frog, a device permitting trains to cross from one track to another. He devised his most famous invention, the airbrake in about 1868. He invented many other safety devices, especially for automatic railway signaling; developed a system for transporting natural gas, and acquired over 400 patents including many for alternating-current machinery. With Charles Steinmetz he pioneered in the use of alternating-current power in the US. |
| Lincoln Steffens | wrote The Shame of the Cities in which he blamed the wealth/poverty issue on corrupt government, political machines and city bosses for the problem. His solution was good government. He was a muckraker. |
| George Goethals | an American army officer and engineer. In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him the chief engineer of the Panama Canal. Because of his efficiency and engineering skills, the canal project was successful, because it was completed in 1914. He was the governor of the Canal Zone from 1914 to 1916. During World War I, he was a quartermaster general and director of purchase, storage, and traffic for the army. |
| Josiah Strong | He wrote Our Country:It's Possible Future and Present Crisis, in 1885. He discusses how it is the duty of the U.S. to spread Christianity and civil liberty to Mexico and Latin America. |
| Henry George | A social reformer and activist. He wrote Progress and Poverty(1879) Believed that poverty naturally came with progress. He said the reason for poverty was unequal distribution of land. He blamed land speculators for the problem. As a solution he proposed the Single Tax which was a tax on land (especially developed land). The taxes from this land would then be given to the poo |
| Horatio Alger | Novelist whose works were widely read during the Progressive age. His novels detailed the life of a enterprising youth who begins his life in rural America, seeks fame and fortune in the city, and ultimitley realizes the American dream and becomes a respectable member of the Middle class. |
| Jane Addams | Leader of Settlement House Movement; supported anti imperialist league (Catherine) Founded Hull House in Chicago. |
| Thomas Edison | He experimented with electrical lighting and invented the incandescent bulb in 1879. In 1882, he built the first central power station, in New York City. It distributed the direct current to 85 buildings and the bulb allowed businesses to work later. He invented the phonograph and a motion picture machine as well. |
| George Dewey | Hero of the Battle of Manilla Bay. Captured the Phillippines with the navy during Spanish-American War Tried to get back to Cuba but when he got back war was over. |
| Frances Willard | American educator and reformer born in Churchville, NY and educated at Northwestern Female College. In 1874 she gave up her successful teaching job to become secretary of the National Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)An indefatigable crusader on behalf of prohibition, she was elected president of the WCTU in 1879, founded the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1883 and was elected president of the latter organization in 1891. She was identified also with the movement for woman suffrage and the Prohibition Party which she helped to organize in 1882. She became president of the National Council of Women in 1890. |
| Bret Harte | A writer during the Gilded Age who sought out the "native element" of his distinctive section. |
| Robert LaFollete | a member of the Progressive party, a Senator from Wisconsin and a candidate in the elections of 1924 and 1912. |
| Henry Ford | Automobile manufacturer and perfecter of the assembly line. |
| Booker T. Washington | Opened a normal school at Tuskagee. He believed that in order to get equality blacks need to be educated to do professional jobs (i.e. doctor, lawyer) He emphasized economic equality and self respect |
| James G. Blain | leading Republican politician and diplomat for 25 years (1868-93), who was particularly influential in launching the Pan-American Movement with Latin-American countries.(britanica) American legislator who served as speaker of the house |
| John D. Rockefeller | He was a captain of industry in the oil industry. He entered into the oil refining busienss after the Civil War and in 1870 formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. He accumulated strong cash reserves, fought successful price wars, received secret railroad rebates on oil shipments and drove out or bough out many competitors. By 1879 the Standard Oil Company controlled over 90% of the country's oil refineries. In 1882, he turned it into Standard Oil Trust, but was ordered to dissolve it under President Taft. |
| W.E.B. Dubois | He emphasized full equality for African Americans. He was the 1st African American to graduate from Harvard, and he was born a free man. He believed that if just 1/10 ofthe Afrcian American community had a better status that it would bring up the status of the entire community. He launched the Niagara Movement in 1905 and it advocated "agitation rather thean accomodation." It had little impact, however the NAACP(National Association for the Association for the Advancement of Colored People)was organiczed in 1909. He edited The Crisis, the official journal. He was the only principal officer that was black, the others were white,liberal reformers. Th organization appealed mainly to college-eduacted, professional blacks, not the working class. |
| Mark Twain | born Samuel Clemens, he was an American writer and humorist. Some of his famous works include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur?s Court, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The American West inspired his work, and it marked the end of the domination by New England writers in American literature. He portrayed American subjects in a humorous, yet poetic way. His trademark was a white linen suit that he always wore when making public appearances (didn?t he know that white is really not good to wear all the time?), and he died in 1910. |
| P.T. Barnum | an American showman and circus enterpriser, whose career began when he purchased Joyce Heth, a black slave who was reported to be 161 years old (is she from the Bible or something?) and was said to have been a nurse to President George Washington. His career prospered from there with the purchase of Scudder?s American Museum, where he had on exhibition General Tom Thumb, the original Siamese twins, Chang and Eng, and Jenny Lind (?the Swedish nightingale?). In 1871, he created a mobile circus, whose biggest draw was Jumbo the elephant |
| Susan B. Anthony | women's rights leader during the mid-late 19th century. Advocate for women's suffrage though she never saw it in her lifetime. From Rochester. |
