| A | B |
| civilization | a community or citizens or city with specialized labor, laws, writing system and culture |
| culture | way of life for any group of people often including literature, music and art |
| domestication | taming of animals to use for benefits to humanity- use of livestock for steady supply of food; use of animals for farming |
| irrigation | supplying otherwise barren lands with water for farming |
| Neolithic | New Stone Age characterized by advanced use of tools |
| shards | fragments of pottery or other artifacts studied by archaeologists |
| barter economy | system by which people trade goods and/or services with no money |
| merchants | people who buy and sell goods and/or services for a profit |
| alloys | new harder metals made by combining copper, tin and bronze |
| Mesopotamia | area many believe to be the origin of the first civilization of humanity |