| A | B |
|---|
| language | use of organized means of combining words in order to communicate |
| Broca's area | speech fluency |
| Wernicke's area | speech comprehension |
| phones | sounds |
| phonemes | speech sounds |
| morphemes | smallest units of meaning |
| lexicon | entire set of morphemes |
| vocabulary | all words of particular language |
| syntax | rules of word combinations |
| grammar | patterns in language |
| scripts | familiar scenarios and characters |
| surface structure | superficial sentence organization |
| deep structure | essential meaning |
| pragmatics | how language is used, body language |
| cooing is use of ____ | phones |
| babbling is use of _____ | phomes |
| at one year of acquisition of language | first words |
| at 2.5 years of acquisition of language | word combos; telegraphic speech |
| at 10 years of acquisition of language | adult speech |
| linguistic universal | characteristic patterns of language that apply across all of the languages of various cultures |
| holophrases | one-word utterances |
| overextension error | overapplying meang of word to other things |
| feature hypothesis of overextension | children for definitions with too few features |
| functional hypothesis | children base initial use of words on important purposes of concepts |
| telegraphic speech | simple two or more words |
| language acquisition mechanisms | imitation and condititioning |
| imitation | use of motherese |
| motherese | child-directed speech |
| overregularization | understanding of how lang. works, but overapplies gen. rules of language |
| conditioning | aquisition theory; hear, copy, and rewarded |
| Noam Chomsky | language-acquisition device |
| language acquisition device | innate human predispostion to acquire language; evolutionary adaptation |
| hypothesis testing | integration of nature and nurture in lang. acquisition; patterns, inflections, sequences |
| thinking | representation and processing of information in the mind |
| critical thinking | direction of mental processes toward representing and processing info; analysis, synthesis, divergent thinking, convergent thinking |
| well-structured problems | problems with clear path to solution; trial and error; algorithm |
| ill-structured problems | problems without clear path to solution; experience; insight and creativity |
| heuristics | solve well-structured problems;informal, intuitive, speculative |
| algorithms | formal paths for reaching a solution that involve one or more successive processes that usually lead to a correct solution |
| additive bilingualism | learns first proficiently, then adds second |
| subtractive bilingualism | learns a little of both; gaps in knowledge |
| insight | novel reconceptualization of problem to reach solution |
| productive thinking | Gestaltists; involves insight that goes beyond the bounds of exisiting associations identified by the thinker |
| reproductive thinking | Gestalt; thinker makes use of existing associations involving what the thinker already knows |
| insight may occur (according to Gestalt) | extended unconscious leaps in thinking; greatly accelerated mental processing; short circuiting of normal reasoning processes |
| hinderences to problem solving | mental set; fixation; functional fixedness |
| mental set | frame of mind predisposed to think in certain way |
| functional fixedness | unable to recognize something may be used in multipurpose ways |
| transfer | prior learning that affects one's ability to solve a problem |
| incubation | to use to solve insight problems; stop of work for a time |
| difference between the novice and expert | amount of existing knowledge, how well existing info was organized |
| negative transfer | interference from previous experience |
| positive transfer | analogous situations; faciltates prob. solving |
| expertise | chunking of info; facilitator of prob. solving |
| utility-maximization theory | goal of human action is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain; greatest gain, lowest cost |
| positive utility | maximize pleasure |
| negative utility | minimize pain |
| subjective utility | subjective motivations |
| bounded rationality | limits within which humans demonstrate reasoned behavior |
| satisficing | first good option |
| representativeness heuristic | distort judgement; pattern "seems random" |
| availablitity heuristic | judgement based on prior exposure |
| inductive reasoning | specific to general |
| deductive reasoning | general to specific |
| syllogisms | deductive; premises that add up to be vaild or invalid |
| brain marker of creative/genius | more glia |
| personality traits of creative/genius | rebellious, unconventional, lucky |
| genius/creative motivated by | intrinsic motivation |
