| A | B |
|---|
| Pastoralists | Semi-Nomadic; raise & graze herds; move to different locations |
| Clans | Large extended family units |
| Animism | Belief that spirits are in all things; spirits could be ancestors |
| Griots | Storytellers; past down histories/traditions orally |
| Nok | 1st civilization in sub-Saharan West Africa |
| Nok Culture | c.500BCE-c.200CE; used iron |
| Djenne-Djeno | 1st city in Sub-Saharan Africa; built c. 250-200BCE |
| Environmental, Economic, Political | Reasons for migration of peoples |
| Bantu | An African parent language that spreads throughout the continent; also means "the people" |
| Bantu Migrations | c.3000BCE-c.1100CE; peoples that eventually migrated throughout Africa |
| Aksum | Powerful kingdom in East Africa |
| Aksumite civilization | c.300-700CE; gained power through trade with numerous civilizations |
| Kush | Kingdom north of Aksum; conquered by Aksumites |
| King Ezana | Powerful king that converted to Christianity |
| Ge'ez | Written language of Aksum |
| Terrace Agriculture | Build "steps" into hills/mountains; maximized available land |
| Stateless Societies | Society with no real governing/political system but balanced power through different ruling families |
| Ghana | 1st powerful W. African civilization |
| Ghana civilization | c.700-c.1100CE; started Trans-Saharan Trade; controlled gold & ivory |
| Salt | Trade good desired by W. Africa |
| Camel | Brought to Africa from Asia; better for desert crossing |
| Mali | Civilization that follows Ghana |
| Mali civilization | c.1200-c.1400CE; rises to power as Ghana falls |
| Sundiata | 1st great leader of Mali; re-established trade dominance |
| Mansa Musa | r.1312-1332; devout Muslim; brough Arab scholars back to W.Africa |
| Ibn Battuta | Muslim scholar who documented his travels in Africa & Middle East |
| Songhai | Civilization that follows Mali |
| Moroccans | Conquered Songhai using firearms |
| Sunni Ali | r.1464-1492CE; 1st powerful ruler in Songhai |
| Beringa | Land bridge connecting Asia & N. America |
| c.3400BCE | Maize becomes staple crop in the Americas |
| Olmecs | 1st civilization in Mesoamerica |
| Mesoamerica | Area of land between central Mexico & Honduras |
| Olmec civilzation | c.1200-c.400BCE; built temples & pyramids; left large stone heads |
| San Lorenzo | Built c.1150BCE; large urban city |
| La Venta | Built c.900BCE; 2nd large urban city |
| Zapotec | c.1000BCE-c.600CE; civilization built in Oaxaca Valley |
| Monte Alban | Built c.500BCE; 1st large urban area |
| Zapotec calendar | Based on movements of the sun |
| Chavin | 1st civilization in South America |
| Chavin civilization | c.900-c.200BCE; founded in the Andes Mtns.; probably religious instead of political civilization |
| Nazca | Founded on the southern coast of Peru |
| Nazca civilization | c.200BCE-c.600CE; developed irrigation & underground canals; Nazca lines |
| Moche | Civilization built in Andes Mtns. |
| Moche civilization | c.100-c.700CE; good farmland; tomb artifacts give good insight into civilization; wealthy; possible practice of human sacrifice |
| Maya | Civilization located in Central America; Yucatan Peninsula-El Salvador |
| Mayan civilization | c.200BCE-c.900CE; consisted of self governing city-states with priest-kings ruling |
| Classical Mayan Period | c.200-c.900CE; period of highest achievement of Mayan civilization |
| 260 days | Mayan religious calendar |
| 365 days | Mayan solar calendar |
| Glyphs | Mayan written language; pictures could stand for words or syllables |
| Codex | Glyphs written in a bark-paper book; only 3 survive today |
| Popol Vuh | Mayan story of creation |
| Aztecs | Civilization founded in Central Mexico |
| Aztec civilization | c.1200-c.1500CE; warlike peoples who built their capital city on an island in a lake |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital city |
| Quetzalcoatl | God shared by many Mesoamerican civilizations including the Aztecs & Maya |
| Chinampas | Floating Gardens; farmland made from floating beds |
| Aztec calendar | Adopted from Maya |
| Montezuma II | Aztec emperor at the time of Spanish arrival |
| Inca | Civilization built in and along the Andes Mountains |
| Incan civilization | c.1200-c.1500CE; largest empire in the Americas |
| Pachacuti | Inca leader who "created" the empire |
| Quechua | Official spoken language |
| Quipu | Knotted strings; used to keep records |
| Mita | Mandated labor for the state from each subject |
| Chasquis | Carried messages along the length of the empire on the roads |
