| A | B |
|---|
| % of Water on Earth that is Salt Water | 97% |
| Where most of the water on Earth is found | Oceans |
| Where most of the freshwater on Earth is found | Frozen in Glaciers & Icecaps |
| #1 Source of Useable Fresh Water | Groundwater |
| Hydrosphere (def) | The water of Earth's Surface |
| Water Cycle Synonym | Hydrologic Cycle |
| Water Cycle (def) | The movement of water from one part of the hydrosphere to another |
| Precipitation (def) | Any form of moisture falling from the sky |
| Condensation (def) | Process in which water going from the gas phase to the liquid |
| Precipitation Examples | Rain, Sleet, Snow, Hail, Freezing Rain |
| Evaporation (def) | Process in which liquid water changes to water vapor |
| Cause of Evaporation | Increase in Heat or Decrease in Pressure |
| Cause of Condensation | Decrease in Heat or Increase in Pressure |
| Evapotranspiration (def) | Process by which water is added to the atmosphere from bodies of water, land & plants |
| Water Budget (def) | The income & spending of water in an area |
| Deficit (def) | When the need for water is greater than the rain fall & the soil water storage is gone |
| Deficit Synonym | Drought |
| Surplus (def) | When rain fall is greater than the need & soil water storage is filled |
| Surplus Synonym | Flooding |
| Recharge (def) | Precipiation, usually rain |
| Runoff (def) | Water that flows over land because the soil storage is full & can not absorb anymore water |
| Porosity (def) | % of a material's volume that is pore space |
| Porous (def) | Having many holes |
| 2 Things Porosity depends on | Particle shape & Sorting of Sediments |
| Shape of particles which creates the most pore space | Spherical |
| Shape of particles which creates the least pore space | Flat |
| Example of particle with a spherical shape | Sand grains |
| Example of particles with a flat shape | Silts & Clays |
| Porosity of well sorted sediments | High Porosity |
| Porosity of poorly sorted sediments | Low Porosity |
| Two things that can decrease porosity | Natural cements & small sediments mixed with larger ones |
| Permeability (def) | The rate at which water & other liquids pass through pore space in rock |
| Effect on Permeability when grain size is increased | Permeability increases |
| Permeability of sand & gravel | High Permeability |
| Permeablilty of silts & clays | Low Permeability |
| Example of a rock that is porous but not permeable | Pumice |
| 2 Rocks that are only permeable when they contain cracks | Granite & Limestone |
| Water Table (def) | The surface of the zone of saturation |
| Zone of Saturation (def) | Part of the ground where all pore space is full of water |
| Zone of Aeration (def) | Area of the soil that still has empty pore space with air in it |
| 3 Parts of the Zone of Aeration | Capillary Fringe, Mid Section, Soil Water |
| Soil Water (def) | Thin film of capillary water that sticks to the topsoil |
| 6 Things that determine water depth | Amount of rainfall, season, slope of ground surface, thickness of soil, climate, time between rains |
| Name 4 things that are formed because the water table has reached the surface in a given area | Lake, River, Swamp, Hillside Spring |
| Ordinary Well (def) | Well dug into the ground until the water table is reached |
| Artesian Formation (def) | The arrangement of a permeable layer of rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock |
| Aquifer (def) | Permeable layer of an artesian formation |
| Cap Rock (def) | Impermeable layer of an artesian formation |
| Rock that is usually the aquifer | Sandstone |
| Rock that is usually the cap rock | Shale |
| Most Famous artesian formation in the USA | Dakota Sandstone going from the Rocky Mts. to the Miss. River |
| Artesian Well (def) | Well drilled in rock, the water is under pressure & rises by itself |
| Artesian Spring Synonym | Fissure Spring |
| Artesian Spring (def) | Water that comes up through a crack in the cap rock; may form an oasis |
| Range of Groundwater temp | 5 degrees Celsius to 15 degrees Celsius |
| Permafrost (def) | Permanently frozen ground |
| How does temperature increase with depth? | An increase of 1 degree Celsius for every 40 meters of depth after the initial 20m |
| 3 Things that effect mineral content of water | Kind of rock the water passes through, Distance the water travels underground, Water temperature |
| (Warm or Cold) Temperature that dissolves rock the best | Warm |
| Hard Water (def) | Water that contains a lot of minerals that are dissolved in water as ions |
| Example of Minerals that may be dissolved in water | Calcium, Magnesium, Iron |
| Type of water that causes soap scum | Hard Water |
| Fresh water sources in order from hardest to softest | Artesian Formation, Groundwater, Rivers & Lakes, Rain |
| Mineral Spring (def) | A spring containing so much mineral matter that it can not be used for drinking or washing |
| Geyser (def) | Boiling hot springs that periodically erupt as gushers of hot water & steam |
| Fumarole (def) | Fissures in the ground from which steam & hot gases escape |
| Fissure (def) | Crack in rock or ground |
| Sinkhole (def) | Depression formed when part of a cave roof or surface of soil collapses |
| Caverns Synonym | Caves |
| Caverns (def) | Cracks or caves eaten in limestone by carbonic acid |
| Examples of Caverns | Luray Caverns in VA, Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, Carlsbad Caverns in NM |
| Karst Topography (def) | Areas with underground drainage that may have caverns & sinkholes |
| Petrified Wood (def) | Formed when minerals in groundwater replace the cells in the wood |
| Geyserite (def) | White silica deposits around geysers |
| Travertine (def) | Calcite deposits around mineral springs |
| Example of a Geyser | Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming |
| Cause of periodic eruption of geysers | There are one or more constrictions in the tube the water rises through which interferes with the upward water flow causing the water to be under a great deal of pressure |
| Paint Pots Synonym | Mud volcanoes |
| Paint Pot (def) | Hot water that comes up through thick, sticky clays |
| Capillarity (def) | Capillarity is the ability of a soil to draw water upward into tiny spaces between soil grains; water moves upward against the force of gravity because of the attraction between water molecules & the surfaces of the soil particles. |
