| A | B |
|---|
| solid | definate shape and definate volume |
| kinetic theory of matter | the idea that all matter is made up of constantly moving particles |
| crystalline solids | solid with particles arranged in repeating geometric patterns |
| amorphous solids | noncrystalline solids |
| liquid | fluid with a difinate volume but not a definate shape |
| gas | fluid with an indefinate volume and an indefinate shape |
| plasma | gaslike mixture of positively and negatively charged partilces that makes up 99% of the mass in our solar system |
| thermal expansion | expansion of matter when heated and contraction of matter when cooled |
| vaporization | heating a liquid to its boiling point and changing it to a gas |
| evaporation | liquid changing to a gas gradually, below the boiling point |
| sublimation | changing directly from a solid to a gas |
| condensation | changing from a gas to a liquid |
| heat of fusion | amount of heat needed to change a material from a solid to a liquid |
| 334 kJ/kg | heat of fusion of water |
| heat of vaporization | amount of heat needed to change a liquid to a gas |
| 2260 kJ/kg | heat of vaporization of water |
| pressure | the amount of force exerted per unit area |
| pascal | SI unit of pressure |
| pressure = force / area | P=F/A |
| 101.3 kPa | pressure exerted by Earth's atmosphere at sea level |
| Boyle's law | at a constant temperature, a decrease in volume will cause an increase in pressure |
| Charles's law | at a constant pressure, an increase in temperature will cause an increase in volume |
| absolute zero | temperature at which all particle motion would stop |
| buoyancy | the ability of a fluid to exert a upward formce on an object immersed in it |
| fluid | liquid or gas |
| buoyant force | upward force that is exerted on an object by a fluid |
| Archimedes' principle | the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the object of the fluid displaced by the object |
| Pascal's principle | the pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid; responsible for explaining how hydraulics work |
| Bernoulli's principle | as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases |
| polluted water | water that contains such high levels of unwanted materials that is is unacceptable for human consumption |
| fresh water | the mose important liquid on Earth for living things |
| thermal pollution | excess heat in water |
