| A | B |
|---|
| frequency | more than every 3 hours |
| urgency | strong desire |
| dysuria | painful or difficult voiding |
| hesitancy | delay, difficulty starting |
| nocturia | excessive voiding at night |
| incontinence | involuntary loss of urine |
| enuresis | involuntary loss of urine during sleep |
| polyuria | increase volume of urine |
| oliguria | output less than 400ml/day |
| anuria | output less than 50ml/day |
| hematuria | red blood cells in the urine |
| proteinuria | abnormal amounts of protein in urine |
| KUB | x-ray of kidneys, ureters and bladder |
| renal ultrasound | identifies kidney shape, size location, collecting system and adjacent tissues. |
| CT or MRI | kidney size, tissue density with or without contrast media |
| renal arteriogram | details on arterial supply and patency of each renal artery. |
| cystoscopy | visual look inside the bladder |
| Intravenous pyelogram IVP | radiologic study used to evaluate the structure and function of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. |
| retrograde pyelogram | visualization of complete ureter and renal pelvis |
