| A | B |
|---|
| Seismic Waves | Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake |
| Pressure | Results from a force pressing on an area |
| Basalt | Dark rock that forms the oceanic crust |
| Granite | Light rock that forms the continental crust |
| Crust | Layer of rock that forms Earth's outer skin |
| Mantle | Layer of hot rock below the crust |
| Lithosphere | The uppermost part of the mantle and the crust |
| Asthenosphere | Soft layer just below the lithosphere |
| Outer Core | Layer of molten metal made of iron and nickel |
| Inner Core | Dense ball of solid metal made of iron and nickel |
| Radiation | The transfer of energy through space |
| Conduction | Heat transfer within a material or between materials that are touching |
| Convection | Heat transfer by the movement of currents within a fluid |
| Density | A measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance |
| Convection Current | The flow that transfers heat within a fluid |
| 3 Things needed for a convection current | Heating and cooling of fluids, Changes in density, Gravity |
| Alfred Wegener | Proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910 |
| Theory of Continental Drift | All of the continents were once joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart |
| Pangea | A supercontinent that existed 300 mya |
| 3 Types of Evidence for Continental Drift | Evidence from land features, fossils, and climate |
| Evidence from Land Features | Mountain ranges line up in Africa and South America; Coal fields match up in Europe and North America |
| Evidence from Fossils | Glossopteris fossils found in Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica |
| Evidence from Climate | Fossils of tropical plants found on island of Spitsenberg in the Arctic Ocean |
| Mid-Ocean Ridge | Mountain range beneath Earth's oceans |
| Sonar | A device which bounces sound waves off of underwater objects and then records the echoes |
| Harry Hess | Proposed the theory of Sea-Floor Spreading in 1960 |
| Theory of Sea-Floor Spreading | The sea floor spread apart along both sides of a mid-ocean ridge as new crust is added |
| 3 Types of Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading | Evidence from molten material, magnetic stripes, and drilling samples |
| Evidence from Molten Material | Pillow shaped rocks found on ocean floor which shows molten material has erupted |
| Evidence from Magnetic Stripes | Rock on ocean floor lies in a pattern of magnetized stripes which shows a record of reversals in Earth's magnetic field |
| Evidence from Drililng Samples | The farther away from a ridge, the older the rock; The closer to the ridge, the younger the rock |
| Deep-Ocean Trenches | Where the ocean floor plunges into deep underwater canyons |
| Subduction | The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle |
| Plate | A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of the crust |
| J. Tuzo Wilson | Proposed the theory of plate techtonics in 1965 |
| Scientific Theory | A well tested concept that explains a wide range of observations |
| Theory of Plate Techtonics | Pieces of the earth's lithosphere are in slow, constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle |
| 3 Things that the Theory of Plate Techtonics Explains | The formation, movement, and subduction of Earth's plates |
| Faults | Breaks in the Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other |
| 3 Types of Plate Boundaries | Divergent boundary, Convergent boundary, Transform boundary |
| Divergent Boundary | A place where two plates move apart |
| Rift Valley | A deep valley which forms along a divergent boundary |
| Convergent Boundary | A place where two plates come together |
| Transform Boundary | A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions |
